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CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION. Finding Order in Diversity. TAXONOMY. The classifying of organisms and the assigning of a universally accepted name to each. WHY CLASSIFY?.

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CLASSIFICATION

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  1. CLASSIFICATION Finding Order in Diversity

  2. TAXONOMY • The classifying of organisms and the assigning of a universally accepted name to each.

  3. WHY CLASSIFY? 1. To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner.

  4. WHY CLASSIFY? • When taxonomists classify organisms, they organize them into groups based on similarities.

  5. WHY CLASSIFY? • Classification makes life easier. What are some ways we classify?

  6. ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES • Using common names can be confusing because many organisms may have several different common names. • The cougar is also known as the mountain lion, puma or catamount…thus the need for a scientific name. Felisconcolor

  7. A Swedish botanist named Carolus Linnaeus developed Binomial Nomenclature, a two-word naming system for naming all species on earth. What do botanists study?

  8. ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES • The first part of the scientific name is the genus. This word is always written first and the first letter is capitalized. It appears in italics or is underlined. Homo sapien Ursusarctos

  9. ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES • The second part of the scientific name is the species name. This word is always written second and the first letter is lower-case. It appears in italics or is underlined. Homo sapien Ursusarctos

  10. LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION • Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification includes seven levels. They are, from largest to smallest, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

  11. LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION • The Kingdom is the largest and most inclusive (includes) of the taxonomic categories. • Species is the smallest and most specific of the taxonomic categories. It includes one

  12. LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION • The more taxonomic levels that two organisms share, the more closely related they are considered to be.

  13. LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION What do the scientific names of the polar, grizzly and panda bears tell you about their similarity to each other? Ursus maritimus Ursus arctos Ailuropoda melanoleuca

  14. THINKING CRITICALLY

  15. THINKING CRITICALLY Animal; insect • What type of animal is Musca domestica? • From the table, which 2 animals are most closely related? 3. At what classification level does the evolutionary relationship between cats and wolves diverge (become different)? Cat and Wolf Family Level

  16. Human classification: Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo species sapiens

  17. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION • Organisms aren’t just grouped based on similarities. These evolutionary relationships or lines of descent are also used in classification. • Phylogeny: The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms. -

  18. What determines evolutionary relationship? • Anatomy and physiology • Common structures imply a common ancestor. • Breeding and behavior patterns • Geographic distribution • DNA and biochemistry DNA comparisons between these plants show almost no difference.

  19. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION B C A D E F Clade or lineage TIME Speciation: formation of two new species from one

  20. Lizard Mouse Fish Hagfish Frog Pigeon Feathers Claws or Nails Lungs Jaws CLADOGRAM Chimp Fur & Mammary Glands

  21. VENN DIAGRAMS • Venn Diagrams can be used to make models of hierarchical classification schemes. A Venn diagram is shown below: A. B. D. C.

  22. A. B. D. C. • Four groups are represented by circular regions • Each region represents different taxonomic levels. • Regions that overlap, share common members. • Regions that do not overlap do not have common members.

  23. A. B. D. C. Matching: • Mammals • Animals with backbones • Insects • All animals C B D A

  24. Dichotomous key: • A key that is used to identify different organisms based on physical characteristics. • It is made up of sets of two statements that deal with a single characteristic of an organism, such as leaf shape (toothed or smooth edge) or hair (has hair or doesn’t have hair)

  25. So how are all living things put into these different groups? • All living things are classified based on several features: • Cell type • Number of cells • Cell structures • Mode of nutrition • Motility

  26. Remember the 2 Cell Types? • Prokaryotic • Small, simple cells without membrane-bound organelles; i.e. bacteria • Eukaryotic • Large, complex cells containing many specialized organelles, nucleus; i.e. plants, animals, protists & fungi

  27. Domains • Largest , most inclusive group • Bacteria: Prokaryotic cells • 1 kingdom: Eubacteria • Archaea: Prokaryotic cells • 1 kingdom: Archaebacteria • Eukarya: Eukaryotic cells • 4 kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

  28. Kingdom Eubacteria • Unicellular • Very strong cell walls (peptidoglycan) • Autotrophic or heterotrophic • diverse habitat • Some motile, other non-motile • Ex: streptococcus, Escherichia coli

  29. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Most live in extreme environments • Most do not use oxygen to respire (anaerobic). • Ancestor to eukaryotes • Unicellular • Cell walls lack peptidoglycan • Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic • Some motile, others non-motile • Examples: Halophiles, methanogens.

  30. Kingdom Protista • Most are unicellular, few are multicellular • lacks complex organ systems • lives in moist environments • diverse metabolism/motility • Animal-Like • Plant-Like (cellulose, chloroplasts) • Fungus-Like • Ex: paramecia, euglena, algae, slime molds

  31. Kingdom Fungi • Saprobes: decomposes matter by absorbing materials • Multicellular (mushrooms) or unicellular (yeast) • Cell walls (chitin) • Non-motile

  32. Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular • Autotrophic: Photosynthetic • Cells contain chloroplasts • Immobile • Cell walls (cellulose) • Ex: grass, rose, moss

  33. Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • Mobile (at one point during their lifetime) • Lack cell walls • Diverse habitats • Heterotrophic • Ex: insects, worms, squirrels, birds

  34. Nutritional types Auto(photo) Hetero(absorb) Hetero(ingest) Plantae Fungi Animalia (Seaweeds) Multi Uni Protista Eu Pro Bacteria Evolution and the 6 Kingdoms

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