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Exploring Cell Biology: Types, Functions & Membranes

Learn about prokaryotic, eukaryotic cells, their functions, and membrane structure. Discover how cells live, take in nutrients, produce energy, and transport molecules. Delve into the intricacies of cell membranes and their functions in metabolism, signal transduction, and cell-cell interactions.

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Exploring Cell Biology: Types, Functions & Membranes

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  1. Cell Biology Van Leeuwenhoek and his microscope Robert Hooke, and his drawing of cells Schleiden and Schwann

  2. Cell Biology • Overview • A. Types of Cells • 1. Prokaryotic Cells • (eubacteria and archaea) • - no nucleus • - no organelles • - binary fission • - small (0.2 – 2.0 um)

  3. Cell Biology • Overview • A. Types of Cells • 1. Prokaryotic Cells • 2. Eukaryotic Cells • (protists, plants, • fungi, animals) • - nucleus • - organelles • - mitosis • - larger (10-100 um)

  4. Cell Biology • Overview • A. Types of Cells • 1. Prokaryotic Cells • 2. Eukaryotic Cells • B. How Cells Live • - take stuff in

  5. Cell Biology • Overview • A. Types of Cells • 1. Prokaryotic Cells • 2. Eukaryotic Cells • B. How Cells Live • - take stuff in • - break it down and • harvest energy • (enzymes needed) mitochondria ADP +P ATP

  6. Cell Biology • Overview • A. Types of Cells • 1. Prokaryotic Cells • 2. Eukaryotic Cells • B. How Cells Live • - take stuff in • - break it down and • harvest energy • (enzymes needed) • and • - transform radiant energy • to chemical energy mitochondria chloroplast ADP +P ADP +P ATP ATP

  7. Cell Biology • Overview • A. Types of Cells • 1. Prokaryotic Cells • 2. Eukaryotic Cells • B. How Cells Live • - take stuff in • - break it down and • harvest energy • (enzymes needed) • - use energy to make stuff • (like enzymes and other proteins, • and lipids, polysaccharides, and • nucleic acids) • - DNA determines sequence of amino acids in enzymes and other proteins ADP +P ATP ribosome

  8. ADP +P ATP ribosome

  9. Cell Biology • Overview • II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells • A. Membrane Structure • 1. phospholipids

  10. Cell Biology • Overview • II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells • A. Membrane Structure • 2. proteins and carbohydrates

  11. Cell Biology • Overview • II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells • A. Membrane Structure • B. Membrane Function • 1. semi-permeable barrier Aqueous Solution (outside cell) dissolved ions dissolved polar molecules suspended non-polar (lipid soluble) Aqueous Solution (inside cell) dissolved ions dissolved polar molecules suspended non-polar (lipid soluble)

  12. Cell Biology • Overview • II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells • A. Membrane Structure • B. Membrane Function • 1. semi-permeable barrier • 2. transport Net diffusion Net diffusion equilibrium

  13. Cell Biology • Overview • II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells • A. Membrane Structure • B. Membrane Function • 1. semi-permeable barrier • 2. transport - diffusion Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium Equilibrium Net diffusion Net diffusion Net diffusion Net diffusion equilibrium

  14. Cell Biology • Overview • II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells • A. Membrane Structure • B. Membrane Function • 1. semi-permeable barrier • 2. transport - osmosis

  15. Cell Biology • Overview • II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells • A. Membrane Structure • B. Membrane Function • 1. semi-permeable barrier • 2. transport – facilitated diffusion

  16. Cell Biology • Overview • II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells • A. Membrane Structure • B. Membrane Function • 1. semi-permeable barrier • 2. transport – active transport

  17. Phosphorylation causes the protein to change its conformation, expelling Na+ to the outside. Na+ binding stimulates phosphorylation by ATP. Cytoplasmic Na+ bonds to the sodium-potassium pump K+ is released and Na+ sites are receptive again; the cycle repeats. Loss of the phosphate restores the protein’s original conformation. Extracellular K+ binds to the protein, triggering release of the phosphate group.

  18. Cell Biology • Overview • II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells • A. Membrane Structure • B. Membrane Function • 1. semi-permeable barrier • 2. transport • 3. metabolism (enzymes nested in membrane) • 4. signal transduction

  19. Cell Biology • Overview • II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells • A. Membrane Structure • B. Membrane Function • 1. semi-permeable barrier • 2. transport • 3. metabolism (enzymes nested in membrane) • 4. signal transduction • 5. cell-cell binding • 6. cell recognition • 7. cytoskeleton attachment

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