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Cell Biology

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Cell Biology

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    1. CELL BIOLOGY (C)-2010 KAREN LANCOUR National Bio Rules Committee Chairman karenlancour@charter.net

    2. Cell Biology (C) Competition topics chart Process Skills - observations, inferences, predictions, data analysis, and calculations Event Parameters be sure to check the rules for resources allowed and safety goggles required.

    3. Training Materials Training Handout content Event Supervisor Guide sample stations, process skills, methods Internet Resource links to on-line courses, lab manuals, notes, sites Sample Tournaments sample stations with key

    4. Topics - Regional and State Biological monomers and polymers also HDL & LDL pH Enzymes Cell organelles/structures and their functions Differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells QUALITATIVE aspects of photosynthesis and respiration Membrane structure and function Movement across membranes Importance of ATP Structure of viruses Cell cycle and mitosis Chromosome Structure Fermentation Products and their uses

    5. Topics Nationals All of topics from state and regional plus: Cell communication and membrane receptors Apoptosis Enzyme inhibition Stem cell concepts and uses Viral replication C3 vs. C4 vs. CAM plants Consequences of changes in protein shape Cancerous vs normal cells Genomics Bioethics relating to above topics

    6. Monomers and Polymers

    7. pH Hydrogen ion concentration Liquid may be acid, base or neutral 7 is neutral Below 7 is acidic Above 7 is basic Logarithmic Buffers in cells

    8. Enzymes Catalysts Made of Protein May have non-protein parts Lower Activation Energy Not changed during reaction Enzyme-substrate complex Inhibition Competitive and noncompetitive

    9. Plant Cell Special Features Cell wall protection and support Chloroplast - for photosynthesis Large central vacuole- for storage and increase surface area

    10. Animal Cell

    11. Nucleus Nuclear envelope double membrane chromatin DNA RNA nucleolus Ribosome sub-units

    12. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Prokaryotic single cell with nuclear material but no nuclear membrane or membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic most cells with organized nucleus and membrane bound organelles

    13. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Trapping of sunlight energy followed by its conversion to chemical energy (ATP, NADPH, or both) and then synthesis into sugar phosphates which convert into sucrose, cellulose, starch, and other end products. It is the main pathway by which energy and carbon enter the food webs.

    14. Cell Respiration Cellular Respiration - Organic substances are broken down to simpler products with the release of energy which is incorporated into special energy-carrying molecules (ATP) and is eventually used for metabolic processes. All cells carry on some form of cellular respiration. Most plants and animals require oxygen. NOTE: The amount of NET ATP production varies from cell to cell.

    15. Fermentation Products and their Uses Carbon dioxide bread making Alcohol wine making and brewing Lactic Acid lactic acid bacteria ferment milk into products as yogurt

    16. Cell Membrane

    17. Osmosis

    18. Animal Cells in different solutions

    19. Plant Cells Turgor Pressure and Plasmolysis

    20. Passive Transport no energy used

    21. Active Transport uses energy

    22. Endocytosis and Exocytosis

    23. Importance of ATP Energy storage chemical for cell processes Most of ATP is produced via electron transport chain Main reason that cells need oxygen: to allow them to make lots of ATP Involved in both photosynthesis and respiration

    24. Structure of Viruses Non-cellular infectious agent Composed of DNA or RNA and a protein coat Replicates only after its genetic material enters a host cell Subverts the hosts metabolic machinery

    25. Cell Cycle G1 Phase high rate of biosynthesis and growth S Phase DNA content doubles and chromosomes replicate G2 Phase - final preparations for Mitosis M Phase Mitosis and Cytokinesis

    26. Mitosis Prophase chromatid pairs coil up, spindle forms, nuclear membrane dissolves, chromatid pairs attach to spindle fibers (microtubules) Metaphase chromatid pairs move to the equator, chromatid pairs align at the equator Anaphase chromatids separate into individual chromosomes, chromosomes are pulled apart toward the equator by the spindle fibers (microtubules) Telophase - chromosomes uncoil, spindle dissolves, nuclear membrane reforms Cytokinesis division of the cytoplasm to make two new cells

    27. Chromosome Structure

    28. Fermentation products and uses Lactic Acid Fermentation yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, and pickles muscle cells can also use fermentation for a quick burst of energy Alcoholic Fermentation Beverage Industry Bread dough

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