CASAGRAS and The Internet of Things Prof Anthony Furness European Centre of Excellence for AIDC

1. CASAGRAS and The Internet of Things Prof Anthony Furness European Centre of Excellence for AIDC

2. Summary

3. To provide an incisive framework of foundation studies that can assist in influencing and accommodating international issues and developments concerning radio frequency identification (RFID) and the emerging Internet of Things, particularly with respect to standards and regulations CASAGRAS(Coordination And Support Action for Global RFID-related Activities and Standardisation ) aim:

4. CASAGRAS General Objectives: To provide: A platform for international collaboration on all aspects of standards and regulations relating to RFID and The Internet of Things A framework and supporting documentation for incisive and analytical reviewof international RFID standards Recommendations with respect to international standardisation and regulatory developments for RFID Recommendations with respect to applications methodologies and positioning Recommendations for future research and development and international collaboration Recommendations to encourage participation of SMEs An on-going collaborative research platform for RFID

5. Standards and Procedures for International Standardisation in relation to RFID, including applications and conformance standards Regulatory issues in respect of RFID standards Global coding systems in relation to RFID standards RFID in relation to Ubiquitous Computing and Networks Functional, including sensory, developments in RFID and Associated Standards Areas of Application, existing and future, and associated Standards Socio-economic components of RFID Usage CASAGRAS Work packages:

6. European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Supply Chain Innovation Centre (Hong Kong, China) YRP Ubiquitous Networking Laboratory (Japan) Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI, Korea) QED (USA – company specialising in international standardisation) AIM (UK) and European Centre for AIDC Also collaborating with GRIFS (Global RFID Interoperability Forum for Standards, EPoSS (European Technology Platform on Smart Systems Integration and a number of sub-contractors) CASAGRAS(Coordination And Support Action for Global RFID-related Activities and Standardisation ) working with…

7. CASAGRAS and The Internet of Things- Interim Report Justifying the Inclusive Model European Union and International Perspective Physical Real World Awareness Analysing the Concept of Connected Objects Influence of Ubiquitous Computing and Networking Influence of Mobile and Fixed Communications The Internet and the Internet of Things Global Inclusion The Role of RFID in the Internet of Things Standards and Regulations for Spectrum Allocation CASAGRAS Reference Point Target

8. The Internet of Things

9. ‘The Internet of Things’ is a concept originally coined and introduced by MIT, Auto-ID Center and intimately linked to RFID and electronic product code (EPC) “… all about physical items talking to each other..” Like RFID it is a concept that has attracted much rhetoric, misconception and confusion as to what it means and its implications in a social context

10. The concept of the Internet of Things is now being influenced strongly by developments in computing and network ubiquity and developments in the next generation Internet - and considered at all levels including United Nations “We are heading into a new era of ubiquity, where the users of the Internet will be counted in billions, and where humans may become the minority as generators and receivers of traffic. Changes brought about by the Internet will be dwarfed by those prompted by the networking of everyday objects “ – UN report

11. The concept is also central to Commission thinking on RFID and associated research funding in Europe “… a new phase of the Information Society – the Internet of Things in which the web will not only link computers but potentially every object created by mankind.”– Viviane Reding – On RFID: The next step to The Internet of Things – Lisbon Conference 2007 Even in concept some thought has to be given to the implications of such statements in respect of population-partitioning of identifiable objects and connectivity dynamics – Analysis of the Concept!

12. The Internet of Things viewed as a network for communicating devices and based upon four degrees of sophistication, involving: Purely passive devices (RFID) that yield fixed data output when queried Devices with moderate processing power to format carrier messages, with the capability to vary content with respect to time and place Sensing devices that are capable of generating and communicating information about environment or item status when queried Devices with enhanced processing capability that facilitate decisions to communicate between devices without human intervention – introducing a degree of intelligence into networked systems * European Commission (2007) From RFID to the Internet of Things – Pervasive networked systems The Internet of Things*(2007 Commission view):

13. The EPCglobal Network Architecture draws further attention to these needs, and to additional requirements for achieving an Internet of Things including: Readers and Reader Protocol Interface – to deliver raw tag data from readers to supporting middleware Middleware – to accumulate and filter raw tag data reads Application Layer Events (ALE) Interface – to deliver consolidated, filtered tag read data from middleware to a local application. EPC Capturing Application – to recognise the occurrence of EPC-related business events, and deliver them as EPC Information Service (EPCIS) data. EPCIS Capture interface – to provide a path for communicating EPC events EPCIS Repository – to record EPCIS-level events EPCIS Query Interface – to provide a means whereby an EPCIS accessing application can request EPCIS data from an EPCIS repository or an EPCIS capturing application and the means whereby the result is returned. The EPCglobal dimension

14. EPCIS-Accessing Application – software to facilitate overall enterprise business processes, such as warehouse management, shipping, and receiving and so forth aided by EPC-related data. Local ONS – to fulfil ONS lookup requests for EPCs within the control of the enterprise that operates the local ONS, ie EPCs for which the enterprise is the EPC manager. EPCIS Accessing Application – an EPCIS-enabled application of a trading partner. Tag Data Translation Schema – to provide a machine-readable file that defines how to translate between EPC encodings defined by the EPC Tag Data Specification. Manager Number Assignment – to ensure global uniqueness of EPCs by maintaining uniqueness of EPC Manager Numbers assigned to EPCglobal Subscribers. Object Name Service Root – a service that, given an EPC, can return a list of network accessible service endpoints that relate to the EPC concerned. EPC Discovery Service(s) – a search engine for EPC related data. Subscriber Authentication – to be determined. The EPC Namespace adds further dimension to this and the prospect of accommodating other numbering systems and the identification of other types of data carrier than RFID. The EPCglobal dimension

15. Mega Trends in Information & Communications Technology (ICT) SAP Research International Research Forum 2006 – 27 academics, technologists, policymakers, entrepreneurs and associated intellectuals – to question, discuss, debate and frame the future of information and communication technologies (ICT) – Outcome: Megatrend 1: Web 2.0 and the semantic web Megatrend 2: IT Security Megatrend 3: Real World Awareness (RWA)– “great promise of RWA agreed to be automation – systems will be able to collect data without human intervention or errors and use it to react to events more quickly and effectively” Megatrend 4:IT as a Tool for Growth and Development Relevant to the “Internet of Things” – Architecture must accommodate the connectivity of the Internet and next generation developments (addressing in the process the inherent limitations)

16. The BLED Declaration1 and other supporting statements, assert that the Internet of Things is expected to be an integral part of the next or future generation Internet Service-oriented architecture (SOE), exploiting integration with Internet and interfacing with wide ranging edge technologies and associated networks is a key objective. The Internet and the Internet of Things 1. Revision 1.1 of the BLED Future Internet Manifesto (08-02-2008)

17. Principal challenges: Disconnect between logical and physical worlds Lack of interoperability – structural and semantic heterogeneity Limitations of Enterprise application integration (EAI) for enterprise-wide and inter-enterprise integration Developments in information integration – schema integration, semantic mediation and ontology merging – more intelligent search engines

18. Embracing a fully inclusive range of ‘edge’ technologies, including RFID for interfacing with the physical world Exploiting evolving object-connected data capture technologies and networking capabilities – sensory, location, local communication and security Exploiting existing and evolving communications and mobility structures Integration with the evolving Internet CASAGRAS (Coordination And Support Action for Global RFID-related Activities and Standardisation ) adopting a fully inclusive model for the Internet of Things:

19. Environment Animate Influenced or attended by May be Entity Application Inanimate Associated ID Factors Location Representation of Identity Associated Attributes based on State Characteristic Consideration of State Characteristic Uneconomic or no stable feature set Acceptable stable feature set Primary Natural Feature Identifier Secondary Data Carrier Identifier Attributes Derivation of electronic ‘Digital Signature’ Self Assigned Assigned or registered Registered Captured Authenticators or credentials When derived: Reference When asserted: Authentication Self-issued Authority-issued Certificate or token Optional Bindings Optional Bindings Link to associated data and application information Numeric or Alpha-numeric strings Optional Bindings Associated data Ontology for Identification

20. Wider area communications and Networks Interrogator / Gate way device Host Information Management System Actuators Actuators Passive RFID data carriers and UID Interrogator / Gate way device Host Information Management System Physical interface zone Internet + Application commands and responses Internet of Things - at its most basic level…

21. ID + Additional Item-attendant data Host Information Management System Interrogator / Gate way device Wider area communications and Networks Actuators Actuators Actuators Sensory data carriers* Interrogator / Gate way device Host Information Management System Networked data carriers Internet + Interrogator / Gate way device Host Information Management System Physical interface zone Internet of Things – including RFID carrier variants

22. Further layers of Data Capture Technology ID + Additional Item-attendant data Interrogator / Gate way device Host Information Management System Wider area communications and Networks Actuators Actuators Actuators Sensory data carriers Interrogator / Gate way device Host Information Management System Networked data carriers Internet + Interrogator / Gate way device Host Information Management System Physical interface zone Internet of Things – including other edge technologies

23. Exploiting Web service and Grid service concepts Exploiting the Service Oriented Architecture (SOE) Exploiting Unique Item Identifier (UII) concepts and namespace resolver to accommodate legacy coding schemes for identification (incl. EPC, URL..) Viewing the needs for governance, quality of services, security, privacy and other socio-economic issues CASAGRAS (Coordination And Support Action for Global RFID-related Activities and Standardisation ) adopting a fully inclusive model for the Internet of Things, embracing:

24. Identification and Namespace resolvers Web Domain Object Space Identifiers URL EPC Unique Item Identifier (UII) Namespace Resolver Discovery Services OID Data carrier ID + data payload and cost considerations

25. Understanding the Concept New Internet of Things Infrastructure? Wired and wireless communications Item Item Item Data Carrier Data Carrier Data Carrier Data Carrier and other identification and edge technologies? - State, Location and time The Physical World

26. Network – supported services Internet of Things – defining the layers Applications layer Middleware layer Internet layer Access Networks Access Gateway layer Edge Technology layer Edge-technology data capture and Networks Fixed and mobile communication protocols

27. Object space analysis, network structures and applications Identification and ‘edge’ technologies for automatic data capture and UDAP – hardware bus Emerging web services model and SOE in respect of the Internet of Things – software bus Discovery Services model based upon universal description, discovery and integration (UDDI) registry model Grid service open architecture for collaborative computing and one-to-many services model CASAGRAS considerations of layered structure and need for associated standards:

28. Nodal Information Management System and Database Nodal Data Capture Appliance – Host h1 Inter-nodal data communication, t - x Rh1 (dc1; id + ; t) Item Item-attendant Data Carrier dc1 x time units Time - line Data Carrier Principles – Object-attendant ICT

29. RFID and ‘communications-based’ RFID standards and regulations Fixed and mobile network standards and regulations RFID Sensory and sensor network standards Integration standards CASAGRAS considerations of layered structure and need for associated standards:

30. Global identification coding and namespace considerations to accommodate legacy systems are key, as are governance and data exchange structures, security, privacy and associated standards Wherein RFID?

31. RFID seen as a precursor to the “Internet of Things” RFID seen as a potential platform for linking “world of production with the “world of service” RFID seen a means of making items “smart”, capable of being networked together and able to communicate with their environment – far reaching and requiring qualification RFID seen as a vehicle for creating opportunities for new business models that will take advantage of a global network in which any object can be linked to any context RFID seen as a vehicle for a wide range of applications European Commission and RFID Expectations

32. Item-attendant Data Carrier Information Management System (MIS) – Enterprise Software Communications Network – Business Interchange of Data Data Capture Appliance Interrogation zone Data transfer from Data Carrier Data transfer from Capture Appliance Expanding Domain for xML Solutions Data transfer from MIS Data Transfer and Communications Internet & Internet of Things

33. ISO/IEC Standards developments – courtesy Praxis Consultants

34. Realising the Internet of Things at its most engaging level is clearly a complex and challenging goal but with the prospect of offering a substantial platform for applications, innovation and wealth creation – Providing the concept is better defined CASAGRAS in collaboration with GRIFS is helping to define the structure and standards for a truly international network CERP can have a significant input into the standards considerations

35. Standards and Procedures for International Standardisation in relation to RFID, including applications and conformance standards Regulatory issues in respect of RFID standards Global coding systems in relation to RFID standards RFID in relation to Ubiquitous Computing and Networks Functional, including sensory, developments in RFID and Associated Standards Areas of Application, existing and future, and associated Standards Socio-economic components of RFID Usage CASAGRAS Work packages:

36. Discussion