Ch 31 1945 - 1975

1. Ch 311945 - 1975 • Main Topics: • The Cold War - impact on Europe, U.S. and everywhere else! • Decolonization and Nation Building - Africa, Middle East, S.E. Asia

2. Before we begin discussing the Cold War. . . United Nations League of Nations Failed to stop: Fascist Aggression = WWII Results: United Nations The General Assembly The Security Council: veto power U.S. China France Britain Soviet Union Main Message?

3. The Cold WarPost WWII - 1991 U.S. vs. U.S.S.R Capitalism and Democracy vs. Communism and Dictatorship free-trade capitalism, consumer economy vs. command system, heavy industry higher standard of living vs. lower standard of living Both superpowers had nuclear weapons Both threatened to use them

4. The Cold War creates a polarized world NATO v. Warsaw Pact - military alliances Eastern European nations turned into Soviet satellite states Truman Doctrine = Marshall Plan Soviet response = Comecon Marshall Plan European Recovery Plan = economic aid

5. Soviet economy and those of their satellite nations • a command economy • economy geared towards heavy industry not consumer goods = lower standard of living • not meeting domestic demand of population = not enough cars, housing, food, electronics, etc. • collectivization of agriculture

6. Cold War in Europe • A promise was made to provide military aid any country resisting a threat of Communist take-over (Greece and Turkey) = Truman Doctrine = Marshall Plan = provided funds to Western European countries to rebuild after WWII • 1948 -1949 Berlin Blockade by Soviet Union = Berlin Airlift by U.S. • 1961 Berlin Wall built • 1956 Soviet troops and tanks stop revolts in Hungary to overthrow Communism • 1968 Soviet troops and tanks stop revolts in Czechoslovakia to overthrow Communism • NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

7. Cold War and the U.S. • Between 1945 - 1991 • anything but isolationist • 1950‘s policy of containment • 1954 - 1980’s Eisenhower’s “domino theory” used to justify involvement in S.E. Asia and elsewhere

8. Cold War Cold War’s impact on East Asia: Korean War 1950 - 1953 North Korea - Communist - assisted directly and indirectly by People’s Republic of China and Soviet Union End of war 38th parallel line separates both countries South Korea - non-Communist - supported by U.S.

9. Cold War in S.E. Asia:Vietnam Timeline: 1954 = France loses colony = Indochina 1960 = Kennedy begins sending soldiers to aid South Vietnam 1963 = President Johnson escalates involvement 1973 = President Nixon gradually begins pulling out troops capital of North Vietnam Ho Chin Minh Nationalist, Communist leader of Viet Minh nationalist group Viet Cong guerrilla fighters capital of South Vietnam U.S. supports rule of President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam Explain how the independence of FrenchIndochina (decolonization) relates to the Cold War.

10. Cold War and Latin America • Example #1: Guatemala • 1951 Jacobo Arbenz Guzman elected - goes after the U.S. owned United Fruit Company; land reform to distribute land to the poor and suspected ties with the Communist Soviet Union leads the U.S. to interveneU.S. intervene • 1954 - a military coup (with CIA help) takes Guzman out of power • Power vacuum in Guatemala leads to instability in their government with leftist and rightist groups fighting for power

11. Example #2: Cuba • Cuban Socialist Revolution of 1959 - economic and social reforms • Before Revolution: • describe the rule of Fulgencio Batista • explain U.S. involvement in the Cuban economy • Revolution: guerilla warfare - Argentinian Ernest “Che” Guevara - helps Castro • After Revolution: • Property of foreigners and wealthy Cuban elites was seized and nationalized - redistribution of wealth - a command economy, allied with Soviet Union, single-party dictatorship established, censorship of dissidents, human rights violation, Cuban exiles in Miami • Failed Bay of Pigs invasion by Cuban exiles - 1961 • Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 (remember....who were the two leaders involved?) • Cuba is still a single-party dictatorship - slowly attempting to introduce capitalism

12. Cold War in Latin America Crisis? Year? Soviet leader? U.S. leader? Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Nikita Khrushchev John F. Kennedy

13. This changes everything • The spread of Communism to the island of Cuba only 90 miles away from the U.S. is seen as a failure of U.S. containment policy. The U.S. will then aggressively intervene in other Latin American countries in order to stop the further spread of Communism. See Slides 14 - 20 • The Cuban Missile Crisis brought the two superpowers close to a nuclear war. After this incident both superpowers will attempt to decrease the spread of nuclear arms. See slide 22.

14. Superpowers sponsored wars and revolutions • If one rival power assisted a nation with arms and financial aid, then the other assisted the insurgents with the same. • What were proxy wars? • Where did these conflicts take place? Identify region for each. Conflicts where rival super powers financed and armed competing sides Cuba, Brazil, Iran, Afghanistan, Chile, Argentina, Nicaragua, Falkland Islands

15. Lots more examples of U.S. involvement in Latin America during Cold War era. Latin America 1970’s Areas ofconflict and U.S. involvement • What event may have sparked leftist revolutions throughout Latin America in the 1970’s? • How will the U.S. react to socialist revolutions in Latin America in the 1970’s? Grenada The success of the Cuban communist government and the failure of the U.S. to overthrow it. Support right-wing, conservative leaders as allies.

16. The “Brazilian Solution” • Refers to the rise of dictatorships in Latin America, first in Brazil in the 1960‘s and then in the1970‘s and 1980‘s elsewhere in Latin America. Democratically elected governments were overthrown by a military coup and a dictatorship was established in order to prevent communism. The new conservative governments used a combination of dictatorship, violent repression and government promotion of industrialization. • What was it a solution to? • What prompted this trend? the spread of communism in the region The spread of communism to Cuba and the failure of the U.S. to bring it down in the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. After this event, the U.S. turned to building allies in other Latin America to prevent the spread of communism from happening elsewhere in the region.

17. “The Brazilian Solution” • 1964 - democratically elected government was overthrown by a military coup • New government was a dictatorship: • ruled without a constitution • outlawed all other political parties • exiled former presidents and opposition leaders • death squads tortured and executed citizens - violent oppression • promoted industrialization through import substitution, or government promotion of industrialization

18. Chile 1970’s and 1980’s • 1970 - reforms of new president, Salvador Allende: • led socialist reforms • redistribute wealth from _______ and __________ to the ______ • nationalized Chile’s heavy industry and mines, including copper mines owned by Americans • Inflation, mass consumer protests and declining foreign trade leads to.... • 1973 - military coup by General Augusto Pinochet, supported by the U.S. - right-wing, conservative • President Allende and others die in uprising, others tortured, imprisoned without trial • Allende’s social reforms cancelled, reduce state involvement in the economy and encourages foreign investment • Pinochet will rule Chile from 1973 - 1990 elites middle class poor

19. Nicaraguan Revolution of 1979 • Dictator Anastasio Somoza is overthrown by Sandinista rebels - leftists - supported by Cuba, wanted to : • place Nicaragua under a command economy like Cuba’s and Soviet Union’s • nationalize private properties owned by Nicaraguan elites and U.S. Cities • Results: Sandinistas called for free elections in 1990 and didn’t win = new leader Violeta Chamorro Nicaraguan Revolution of 1979 Sandinistas vs. Contras funded by: Cuba U.S. Castro Reagan

20. El Salvador Farabundo Marti (National Liberal Front) FMLN rebels vs. El Salvadoran army Farabundo Martin of FMLN = Leftist rebels What side will the U.S. support? Salvadorian Army

21. Argentina at war? 1982 Argentina nationalism Falkland Island War against Britain. Who wins? Britain

22. Result: “Thawing out”Relaxing Cold War tensions • NPT - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty signed by several countries • Helsinki Accords - What agreements were reached? The West recognized the post WW II borders of Soviet Union which included Baltic States Soviet Union agreed to respect human rights

23. Cold War and Independence U.S. U.S.S.R. First-World Nations capitalist economy democratic government Second-World Nations command economy dictatorship Third-World Countries nonaligned with either superpower But. . . .included: China Yugoslavia

24. Nonaligned countries played both sides during the Cold War switched alliance when convenient, accepted aid from both superpowers What does this mean? What country would be a good example? Egypt How? Egypt accepted deal from U.S. to build the Aswan Dam. . . while buying arms from Soviet Union at the same time. Soviet Union ended up building dam for Egypt. What region are we discussing? What era?

25. Afghanistan 1979- Region? • Soviet Union sends in its army to help Afghanistan communist government fight insurgents (rebels) • The U.S., Saudi Arabia and Pakistan aid and train the Afghan rebels • Sounds like part of what bigger war? • Soviet Union pulls out its troops in 1989 • decentralized rule in Afghanistan - tribal wars Cold War

26. Arab-Israeli Conflict 1945-75 and beyond • 1948 State of Israel declared - Palestinians move to UN refugee camps in Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Gaza Strip. U.S. supports Israel and the U.S.S.R. supports Arab states in the region. • 1952 - Nasser ousts Egyptian king in a coup, Nasser is a Pan-Arab nationalist that nationalized the Suez Canal - If aligned, what side would he have chosen? He remains nonaligned but accepts aid from both sides. • 1956 - U.K., France and Israel try to take back Suez Canal - U.N., U.S. and USSR stop them. • 1956 - U.S. offers to build Aswan Dam on the Nile River to generate electricity for Egypt. • 1967 - Six Day War - Israel preemptive attacks on Syrian and Egyptian air bases - expand its borders into Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and Jerusalem • 1970 - Anwar al-Sadat becomes Egyptian leader • 1973 - Yom Kippur War - Arab attack on Israel led by Egypt (using Soviet weapons) - UN steps in • 1973 - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) formed in 1960 - embargo (prohibit) oil shipments to the U.S. to retaliate for U.S. support of Israel in Yom Kippur War • 1977 - Camp David talks - diplomacy attempted, Muslim fundamentalist kills Sadat for betraying the Arab world by agreeing to talks with Israel • non-governmental Arab representation: PLO - Palestinian Liberation Organization led by Yasir Arafat (died 2004) - guerrilla warfare • Extremism today - terrorism - more underground - transnational What drove the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. to become involved in the Arab-Israeli conflict of the Middle East?

27. European Economic Cooperation and unity What is going right? World Wide: Bretton Woods, New Hampshire = International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the World Bank - grant loans for development with conditions attached European only: 1992 Treaty of Maastricht European Union EU Treaty of Rome 1957 European Economic Community Common Market 1948 Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) = coal and steel lower and finally remove tariffs between member nations resulting in free movement of people, capital and services between nations that are members

28. Economic Miracle More good news: • Refers to the economic success of nations after WWII • Japan benefited from the American military protection, which spared the government from high defense spendings. The same happened in West Germany, and both nations experienced tremendous economic growth in the postwar era. Referred to as the “economic miracle”

29. Japan - Region? Reasons for Japan’s economic success in the 1970’s and 1980’s? • government assisted the industries with protectionist laws that set tariffs and regulated imports to diminish competition from foreign industries • zaibatsu were broken up into small conglomerates known as keiretsu - Toyota Very important: What explains the economic growth of these new economies in Asia? Book gives you 6 reasons Very important: GDP = gross domestic product - a way of measuring the economic growth of a country Asian Tigers? Pacific Rim States: South Korea Taiwan Hong Kong Singapore Experienced rapid economic growth in the 1970’s that allowed all 4 to develop modern industrial and commercial economies.

30. Great Leap Forward 1958 - 1962 Quick Review:China1945 - 1975 Goal? Cultural Revolution 1965-1971 industrialize China Difference between Stalin and Mao’s form of communism? Soviet communism focused on proletariat whereas Mao’s communism focused on the peasantry. collectivization “backyard” industries The Red Guards were encouraged to lead purges against “bourgeois” teachers, parents and intellectuals Was it successful? 30 million deaths by 1962 What region is China in?

31. Good news: China - 1970 - 1980‘s Region? • 1976 Mao Zedong dies • Den Xiaoping - 1978 - introduces economic reforms • relaxed state control of the economy • allows firms to compete in a capitalist economy • allows foreign investments in China - at first restricted to special economic zones now all over - McDonald’s, Coca-Cola, today Starbucks • did not privatized land but contracted it out and farmers able to consume or sell what they produced - results: agricultural output tripled Would Mao have agreed with these reforms? Why? Would you call this change or continuity? In what category of SPRITE?

32. China - same era - Continuity? Bad News: What remained the same? China remained a single-party dictatorship with little to no freedoms of speech, assembly or press. Best evidence to support this. . . ? Tiananmen Square 1989 ? In Beijing. . . western-educated students and professors demanded democratic reforms and an end to corruption and inflation. Government responded by sending in tanks. Many protestors were killed or jailed.

33. Backto bad news - not directly related to Cold War Iranian Revolution of 1979: Region? Leader BEFORE revolution: shah of Iran Muhammad Rez Pahlavi, a monarchy AFTER revolution: Ayatollah Khomeini. Shi’ite cleric. No more monarchy - instead. . . Islamic Republic of Iran Changes in Iran due to the Revolution of 1979? U.S. supported him and sent weapons to his Iranian army • the new government imposed religious control of public behavior • monarchists and communists were barred from running in elections • Western culture and clothing were prohibited • women were expected to wear Islamic veil in public • public morals were policed by the government Iranian resented the autocracy of his family which had ruled Iran since the 1920’s. Could this be called a nationalist revolution? Why?

34. Back to Cold War - Let’s end it! • End of the Cold War • How did the Cold War end? • 1985 • 1989 • 1991

35. Mikhail Gorbachev • New Soviet leader in 1985 • Introduces political and economic reforms • Why? • Perestroika • Glasnost Russia’s economy is not growing... as compared to. . . at this time? restructuring of the Soviet economy and government openness - freedom to openly criticize the government which was controlled by the Communist Party

36. Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe 1989 • Poland - The Solidarity Party led by Lech Walesa • Czechoslovakia - Vaclav Havel - “Velvet Revolution” most peaceful • Romania - Nicholae Ceausescu - most violent • Most symbolic moment - Fall of the Berlin Wall • New independent countries: Baltic States? • What does Gorbachev do in response to these uprisings calling for democratic reforms? • How did his actions differ from previous Soviet leaders in 1956 and 1968? Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia Nothing. Allows each demonstrators in each country to overthrow communist rule. In 1956 and 1968, Soviet leaders had sent in Soviet tanks and soldiers to stop the demonstrators and communist dictatorships continued in Eastern Europe.

37. Fall of Communism and fall of the Soviet Union - 1991 • Gorbachev’s reforms angered some Russians - what groups? • Boris Yeltsin becomes populous leader • Gorbachev’s opponents stage a coup to overthrow him - Yeltsin stops it • Gorbachev resigns December 25, 1991 • Soviet Union replaced by Commonwealth of Independent States - Russian Federation • New leader - Boris Yeltsin - later: Vladimir Putin • communist hardliners who didn’t like Gorbachev’s reforms • Russian reformers who felt the reforms had not gone far enough • Nationalist groups who wanted independence from Soviet rule, includes Muslims in the south. Cold War is over.

38. Neoliberalism What is it? The term refers to the economic reforms of the 1990’s introduced in Latin America and other regions during this time which reduced the economic role of the state. Reforms included a return to free-market capitalism, reduced government protection of industries and also reduced welfare programs and the number of government jobs. Nationalized industries like airlines and public utilities were sold to foreign corporations. In other words, they were privatized. Why did this become an economic trend in the 1990’s The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989 and in the Soviet Union in 1991 made socialism less appealing.