Morphology

1. Morphology Thewordland

2. What is morphology? • the study of the structure and content of word forms • the part of linguisticthat deals with the study of words, their internal structure. • It is also interested in how the users of a given language understand complex words and invent new lexical items. • It is thesubdiscipline of grammar.

3. What is lexicon? • A collection of linguisticknowledgethatcannot be capturedbyrules • The collection of words--the internalized dictionary--that every speaker of the language has. • An understanding of therulesthatgoverntheformation of words • Similaritiesanddifferences in thebehavior of words • Thefunction of words

4. Bytheend of theclass, youwillhavethelinguistic background toanswerthefollowingquestions: • What is morphology? • What is a morpheme? • How aremorphemesclassified? • How arewordsstructured in Turkish? • What is an allomorph?

5. Why is karşılıksızacceptable, but sevgiliksizoutrageous? • Whatmakesevdelerdifferentfromevlerde? • Why is evdemlerterrible, but dedemlerperfectlyfine? • Keywords: • Morphology • Morpheme • Freemorpheme • Boundmorpheme • Derivationalmorpheme • Inflectionalmorpheme • Morphemeordering • Allomorphy

6. Thestructure of words SyllablestructurevsMorphemestructure FreemorphemesvsBoundmorphemes DerivationalmorphemesvsInflectionalmorphemes

7. Twoways of analysingwordstructure • Through syllablestructure • Through morphemestructure

8. Syllablestructure • Table 1:

9. Morphemestructure • Table 2:

10. Table 3: morphemeandsyllableboundaries

11. Table 4: compatibilitybetweenmorphemesandsyllables: hastalandım

12. Table5: compatibilitybetweenmorphemesandsyllables: yaşlandım

13. Thegist here: • Simplycodingthesyllables of a word is not reliablewaytocodethemorphemes of thatword.

14. So, • What is a morpheme? • What is thecriteriontoidentify a morpheme? • Morphemesarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatconstructwords in a language.

15. Ourexamplesareconstructed in thefollowingway: (1) Yaş Yaş-lan Yaş-lan-dı Yaş-lan-dı-m (2) Hasta Hasta-lan Hasta-lan-dı Hasta-lan-dı-m

16. Eg. babama (3)

17. Eg. gözcüler (4) Göz+ cü+ ler Stem 1st morph. 2nd morph. unit of grammaticalfunction Organ of form NsfromNs not meangözanymore seeing

18. Remark • Morphemesmighthavedifferentmeanings, functionsandmorphologicalstanding. • Althoughmorphemeandsyllableboundaries of a wordmaysometimesoverlap, lack of correspondencebetweentheseboundaries is common. • A singlemorphememay be composed of morethanonesyllable. • A singlesyllablemayincludemorethanonemorpheme.

19. It is yourturn 1

20. Interms of theirmorphologicalstand,ng, morphemes in gözcü can be classifiedintotwogroups • Freemorphemes • Boundmorphemes

21. Why is cgrammaticalwhileaandbare not? (5)

22. Morphemes FreemorphemesBoundmorphemes Content morp.Functionalmorp. Nspostpositions ADJsconjunctions ADVsdeterminers Vspronouns, etc.

23. It is yourturn 2

24. Affixation: theattachmentprocess of a boundmorphemetoanothermorpheme. • Affixes: theattachedboundmorphemes. • Roots: wordsthatare not affixed. • An overwhelmingnumber of roots in Turkisharemonosyllabic: • Morethanonesyllable in a root is alsopermissible:

25. Stem: the root or roots of a word, together with any derivational affixes, to which inflectional affixes are added.Theyaremorphologicallycomplex. Eg. Yaş-lıstem yaş-lı-larstem Çağroot çağ-daşstem, çağ-daş-lıkstem

26. Complexwordsareformedthrough 3 types of affixation in a language: • Suffixes: placedafterstem • Prefixes: beforestem • Infixes: withinstem

27. Whataboutaffixation in Turkish? • Sev-gi • Sev-gi-li • Sev-gi-li-ler Loanwords: • Anti-propaganda > propaganda • Gayri resmi > resmi • Bihaber > haber • Postmodern > modern

28. Backtothecase of gözcüler Göz- cü-ler Freemorphemesboundmorphemes contentmorpheme: derived N from a N having a meaningdifferentfromthat of thestem

29. That is, somesuffixes can changeboththemeaningandthesyntacticclass of thestem Derivation: a process of formingnewwordsbyusingboundmorphemes Derivationalmorphemes: themorphemeswhichaddtoorchangethemeaning of a stemwordorthesyntacticclass of it. Eg. Sat-ıcı -ICI: a derivationalmorphemeformingNsfromNs

30. Whatotherderivationsarepossible in Turkish? • Table6: examples of derivationalsuffixes

31. 4 types of stemsformedthroughderivation Suffixesthatattachtoverbs Deverbal nominal stems: V > N Deverbalverbalstems: V > V Suffixesthatattachtonominals Denominal nominal stems: N > N Denominalverbalstems: N > V

32. Otherderivationalsuffixes in Turkishnotethatsomesuffixesaremoreproductivethantheothers • V>N: Kaz-I, güldür-Ü, kay-AK, sev-ECEN, san-AL, diz-GE • V>V: dürt-ÜKLE, şaş-ALA, kaç-IN, ara-ŞTIR, Considerthesemanticdifferences –(I)ş provides • Koşuş-: denotes an unorganisedmanner • Bölüş-, kırış-: denotes a sharedact • Kokuş-: denotestheintensity of a property of therootverb

33. Otherderivationalsuffixes in Turkishnotethatsomesuffixesaremoreproductivethantheothers • N>V: tür-E-, kara-R-, şakır-DA, göz-ÜK-, güneş-LEN-, haber-LEŞ-, kir-LET-, su-SA- • N>N: ana-Ç, sol-AK, yer-El, kök-En, dört-GEN, Considersemanticdifferences –lIprovides: • Atlı, sevgili, hızlı, akıllı : denotestheattribute of something • Üniversiteli, köylü: indicates a personbelongingtoorcomingfrom • Üçlü, altılı: indicatesgroupsmade of itemscontainingthatnumber of objects

34. Anotherproductivesuffix -lIk • NsfromNs, adjectivesoradverbstoindicate: • İyilik, çabukluk : thestaterelatingto a particularconcept • Askerlik, krallık: institutionalisation of theconcept • Gözlük, başlık: an objectassociatedwiththe body • Kitaplık, odunluk: a storageplace • Zeytinlik, mezarlık: a placewheretheentitydenotedbythe N is foundcollectively • Analık, evlatlık: a personwhoserelationship is analogoustothebloodrelation (2) Adjectiveswhichindicate: • Dolmalık, elbiselik: suitabilityforthetype of entity • Günlük, aylık: periods of time • Ellilik: approximateage of a person (3) Bir kiloluk, üç saatlik: expressweight, length, capacity, value, price.

35. Is thelexiconcomposed of onlyfreelexicalmorphemesandderivationalboundmorphemes? Considerthis: * Bu sınıf öğrenci hep öğretmen kız. • Whichnoun is thesubjectabove? • How aretheothernounsandtheverbrelatedto it?

36. Modifiedsentencewithgrammaticalinflection: • Bu sınıfta öğrenciler hep öğretmeni kızdırırlar. Spatialrelationpluraldirectobj. temporalstructure of event personagreementwithsubj Thesemorphemesdid not createnewwords but mark grammaticalrelations: inflectionalmorphemes. Number, case, tense andagreementmarkersin Turkishareinflectionalmorphemes.

37. How differentcharacteristics can combine in a singlemorpheme? • Let’s test «insan-lık» followingthecharttodiscovertype of themorpheme

38. Another test todiscoverthetype of themorpheme • Considertheuse of theinfinitive marker –mAk • Claim: whateverprecedestheinfinitive marker –mAkshould be considered as thestem; thereforeanything in it as derivational Eg. Koşuş-tur-du Theinfinitive form: koş-uş-tur-mak Whatprecedes –mAk: koş-uş-tur Derivationalmorphemes

39. It is yourturn 3

40. Organisingprinciples of turkishmorphology Morphemeordering Allomorphy

41. Morphemeordering Whyareaandcarepossible but not b? • Kalınlaştırılmamışlardanmışmş • *Kalıntırlaş • kalınlaştırılmamıştanmışmışlar ! ConsideringthatTurkish is an agglunativelanguage, theorder of morphemes in a sentence is fixedandeachmorpheme is used in thepositionspecifiedfor it. b)Ungrammatical: causative-DIr is usedafter -lAş

42. Ifthemorphemesare in rightorder, you can producethefollowingsgrammatically • öl-üm-süz-leş-tir-t-tir-il-e-me-yebil-in-en-ler-de-ki-ler-den-mi-ymis-ler-ce-sin-e • Gör-üş-tür-ül-e-me-ye de bil-iyor-mu-ydu-nuz?

43. *kes-ler-im vs kesimler ! Inflectionfollowsderivation as derivationalmorphemesaremorefirmlyattachedthaninflectionalones: • Root+Derivation+Inflection

44. Turkishinflectionalsuffixes • nominal inflectionalsuffixes Thosemarkingnumber, possession, case Eg: çocuk- lar-ın- a 2. Verbalinflectionalsuffixes Thosemarkingverbforms root-voice-negation-tense/aspect/modality-copular marker-person marker-DIr Eg. Otur-acağ-ım

45. Nominal inflectionalsuffixes in Turkish • pluralsuffix: -lAr • Possessivesuffixes: evim, evin, evi, evimiz, eviniz, evleri • Case suffixes: • Accusative: saray-ı • Dative: masa-(y)a • Locative: ev-de • Ablative: okul-dan • Genetive: çocuğ-un • Other nominal inflectionalmarkers: • ile (kedimle) • -ki (dünkü, odanınki) Eg. arabanınkiyle

46. Verbalinflectionalsuffixes in Turkish • Voice suffixes • Causative: yap-TIR, piş-İR, çık-AR, çök-ERT • Passive: yıka-N, del-İN, yap-IL • Reflexive: giy-İN, sar-IN, ört-ÜN • Reciprocal: öp-ÜŞ, gör-ÜŞ • Negative marker: -ma, git-ME • Tense aspectmodalitymarkers: • Copular markers: (y)DI, -(y)mIşand –(y)sA (bırakmışTI, hastaYDI, yürümekteYMİŞler, evdeYMİŞler, koşuyorSAk, hevesliYSEk) • Personmarkers: (odamdayIM, kaçsaN, çalışıyorUZ)

47. Whatifmorethanoneinflectionalmorphemeareused in a word? (6) • Kitap • Kitap-lık • Kitap-lık-lar • Kitap-lık-lar-ım • Kitap-lık-lar-ım-da !Theyalsocombine in a predictableorder. Stem+plural+person+place marker

48. Inthecase of verbalinflections: (7) • Boya-dı-m • Boya-ma-dı-m • Boya-t-tı-m • Boya-t-ma-dı-m Thepermissibleorder: (causative) + (negation) + tense + person

49. It is yourturn 4

50. !Eachsuffixtakestheprecedingstem as thescope of itssemanticandsyntacticmaterial • Table 7: outerlayers of wordsareformedbyinflectional; innerlayersbyderivationalmorphemes