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Cell Structure and Function

Cell Structure and Function. History of Cell Biology. The discovery of cells All living things are made up of one or more cells Cells carry out all the processes of life. Robert Hooke Nature with light microscope Cork bark from oak tree observed little boxes reminded him of monk quarters

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Cell Structure and Function

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  1. Cell Structure and Function

  2. History of Cell Biology • The discovery of cells • All living things are made up of one or more cells • Cells carry out all the processes of life

  3. Robert Hooke • Nature with light microscope • Cork bark from oak tree • observed little boxes reminded him of monk quarters • Leeuwenhoek • First to observe living cells from microscope • 10 X of Hooke’s instruments

  4. Cell Theory150 years after the discovery of cells • All living organisms are made of one or more cells • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism • Cell come only from the reproduction of existing cells

  5. Introduction to CellsCell diversity • Variety of shapes and sizes • Form follows function

  6. Cell Size • Size varies • Limited by the relationship of the cell’s outer surface area to its volume • Surface area : volume ratio • Too small of surface area compared to volume of the cell • Material would not enter or leave cell quickly enough

  7. Basic Parts of a Cell • Plasma membrane (cell membrane) • Barrier between inside and outside of cell • Cytoplasm • Cytoskeleton, organelles, fluid • DNA • Regulating functions and reproduction • Ribosomes • Help in the production of Proteins

  8. Two Cells Types • Prokaryotes • Eukaryotes

  9. Prokaryotes • Lack membrane – bound organelles • Have genetic information • Bacteria and Archea

  10. Eukaryotes • One or more cells • Have nucleus and organelles • Membrane bound structures that perform specific functions

  11. Cell Membrane and Organelles • Cell membrane • Semi – permeable • Phospholipid bilayer • Polar hydrophilic (water – loving) head • Point outward/inward towards water • 2 nonpolar hydrophobic (water – fearing) fatty acid tails • Tails point inward away from the water • Animal cells also have sterols (type of lipid) • Firm membrane and prevents freezing

  12. Membrane ProteinsFound within the lipid bilayer • Cell – surface marker • Glycoprotein identifies cell • Receptor protein • Recognizes and binds substances outside of cell • Transport protein • Helps substances move across the membrane • Enzyme • Assists in chemical reaction inside the cell

  13. Enzyme

  14. Cytoskeleton • Thin tubules and filaments in cytosol • Microtubules • Maintain cell shape • Microfilaments • Cell movement • Intermediate • Anchor organelles • Cilia and Flagella • Centrioles

  15. Nucleus • Nuclear envelope • Nucleolus • Ribosomes • made of RNA and aids in protein synthesis

  16. Mitochondria • Transfer energy from organic molecules to make ATP • 2 membranes • Outer • Inner (site of energy production) • mDNA • More mDNA can be made only from mitochondria • Endosymbiosis

  17. Ribosomes • Non – membrane bound organelle made of RNA and proteins • Builds protein • Free or attached to endoplasmic reticulum

  18. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Intercellular highway of tubes and sacs • Two types • Rough ER • Covered with ribosomes • Produces phospholipids and proteins • Smooth ER • Not found in abundance • Build lipids and steriods • Help detoxify

  19. Golgi Apparatus • Receive vesicles from ER containing proteins • Modify received material and tag it for delivery

  20. Vesicles • Small spherical sac made of a single cell membrane • Migrate and merge with cell membrane • 3 types of vesicles • Lysosomes (digestive enzymes) • Peroxisomes (abundant in liver and kidney cells) • Contractile vacuole (plant cells hold excess water)

  21. Protein Synthesis • Assembled by ribosomes on the Rough ER • Vesicles transport proteins to the Golgi Apparatus • Golgi modifies proteins and packages them in vesicles • Vesicles release proteins outside of the cell

  22. Plant Cells • Cell walls • Rigid layer outside of cell membrane • Central vacuoles • Plastids • chloroplast • Photosynthesis • endosymbiosis • Other contain pigments and starch storage

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