Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D .

1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D. 14. September2011Wednesday

2. What is anatomy? Types of anatomy History of anatomy & anatomy education in the world History of anatomy education in Turkey Anatomical Position Anatomical Planes Anatomical Variations Terminology in Anatomy

3. What is anatomy, anyway? “anatomia, anatome” Latin and Ancient Greek origin. ana-=up temnein, tome=to cut Anatomy means “cutting up, cutting through”.

4. The term human anatomycomprises a consideration of the various structures which make up the human organism. In a restricted sense it deals with the parts which form the fully developed individual and which can be rendered evident to the naked eye by various methods of dissection. Histology Embryology

5. Types of anatomy The three main approaches to studying anatomy are regional, systemic, and clinical (or applied), reflecting the body's organization and the priorities and purposes for studying it. In systematic anatomy, various structures may be separately considered. The organs and tissues may be studied in relation to one another in topographicalorregional anatomy.

6. Regional anatomy (Topographicalanatomy) • Considersthe organization of the human body as major parts or segments: a main body, consisting of the head, neck, and trunk (subdivided into thorax, abdomen, back, and pelvis/perineum), and paired upper limbs and lower limbs. • All the major parts may be further subdivided into areas and region.

7. Surface anatomy • An essential part of the study of regional anatomy. • Providesknowledge of what lies under the skin and what structures are perceptible to touch (palpable) in the living body at rest and in action.

8. Systematic Anatomy The various systems of which the human body: Osteology—the bony system or skeleton. Syndesmology—the articulations or joints. Myology—the muscles. Angiology—the vascular system, comprising the heart, bloodvessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands. Neurology—the nervous system. The organs of sense may be included in this system. Splanchnology—the visceral system.

10. Topographically the viscera form two groups, viz., the thoracic viscera and the abdomino-pelvic viscera. • The heart, a thoracic viscus, is best considered with the vascular system. • The rest of the viscera may be grouped according to their functions: (a) the respiratory apparatus; (b) the digestive apparatus; and (c) the urogenital apparatus.

11. History of anatomy& anatomyeducationin theworld • The development of anatomy as a science extends from the earliest examinations of sacrificial victims to the sophisticated analyses of the body performed by modern scientists. • It has been characterized, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body.

12. The field of Human Anatomy has a prestigious history, and is considered to be the most prominent of the biological sciences of the 19th and early 20th centuries. • Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of cadavers to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century.

13. Ancient anatomy Egypt The study of anatomy begins at least as early as 1600 BCE. Greece The earliest medical scientist of whose works any great part survives today is Hippocrates, a Greek physician active in the late 5th and early 4th centuries BCE (460 - 377 BCE). Much of his workrelies on speculation rather than empirical observation of the body.

14. Galen The final major anatomist of ancient times was Galen, active in the 2nd century. Galen of Pergamon (modern-day Bergama, Turkey), was a prominent Roman (of Greek ethnicity) physician, surgeon and philosopher His collection of drawings, based mostly on dog anatomy, became the anatomy textbook for 1500 years.

15. Early modern anatomy • The first major development in anatomy occurred at Bologna in the 14th to 16th centuries, where a series of authors dissected cadavers and contributed to the accurate description of organs and the identification of their functions. AndreasVesalius De humanicorporisfabrica(On the Fabric of the Human Body

16. Early modern anatomy • A succession of researchers proceeded to refine the body of anatomical knowledge, giving their names to a number of anatomical structures along the way.

17. 17th and 18th centuries • The study of anatomy flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries. • The advent of the printing press facilitated the exchange of ideas. • The popularity of the anatomist was equal to the quality of his drawing talents, and one need not be an expert in Latin to take part. • Many famous artists studied anatomy, attended dissections, and published drawings for money, from Michelangelo to Rembrandt. • For the first time, prominent universities could teach something about anatomy through drawings, rather than relying on knowledge of Latin.

18. 19th century anatomy • During the 19th century, anatomists largely finalized and systematized the descriptive human anatomy of the previous century. • The discipline also progressed to establish growing sources of knowledge in histology and developmental biology, not only of humans but also of animals. • Extensive research was conducted in more areas of anatomy.

19. Anatomymuseums in Europe

20. Graveyard watchtower, New Calton Burying Ground, Edinburgh Body snatchers Body murdererseven Anatomymurder The most recent account of anatomy murders was in 1992, when a Colombian activist, Juan Pablo Ordoñez, claimed that 14 poor residents of Barranquilla, Colombia, had been killed to provide cadavers for the local medical school. More @ http://www.epubbud.com/read.php?g=CQNTWMFC&p=1

21. Burkeand Hare murders The Burke and Hare murders (also known as the West Port murders) were serial murders perpetrated in Edinburgh, Scotland, from November 1827 to October 31, 1828. The killings were attributed to Irish immigrants William Burke and William Hare, who sold the corpses of their 17 victims to provide material for dissection. Their purchaser was Doctor Robert Knox, a private anatomy lecturer whose students were drawn from Edinburgh Medical College.

22. History of anatomyeducation in Turkey 1. Pre-dissection period (1827-1841): Anatomyeducation was given theoretically. 2.Unmedicated cadaver period (1841-1908): Anatomy experts were appointed from abroad Sultan Abdülmecid has signed the imperical decree allowing dissections with the purpose of education. 3. Medicated cadaver period (1908-present): In anatomy education by using the method of giving chemical substance through vein, cadavers began to be used initially without decaying in this period. As a result, scale of practice in anatomy education increased considerably.

23. Anatomicalposition • All anatomical descriptions are expressed in relation to one consistent position, ensuring that descriptions are not ambiguous. • One must visualize this position in the mind when describing patients (or cadavers), whether they are lying on their sides, supine (recumbent, lying on the back, face upward), or prone (lying on the abdomen, face downward).

24. The anatomical position refers to the body position as if the person were standing upright with the: • Head, eyes, and toes directed anteriorly (forward) • Armsadjacent to the sides with the palms facing anteriorly • Lowerlimbs close together with the feet parallel.

27. AnatomicalPlanes Anatomical descriptions are based on four imaginary planes (median, sagittal, frontal-coronal, and transverse-axial)that intersect the body in the anatomical position. Sagittal= New Latin sagittālis < sagitta (“arrow”) Coronal= L. corona "crown, garland» Axial= "pertainingto an axis,«

28. The median plane, the vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body, divides the body into right and left halves. • Sagittal planes are vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane.

29. Frontal (coronal) planes are vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

30. Transverse planes are horizontal planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. Radiologists refer to transverse planes as transaxial, which is commonly shortened to axial planes.

33. AnatomicalVariations • Anatomy books describe (initially, at least) the structure of the body as it is usually observed in people—that is, the most common pattern. • However, occasionally a particular structure demonstrates so much variation within the normal range that the most common pattern is found less than half the time! Variations in topographic position of the appendix.

34. Terminology in anatomy . 13.

35. It is importantformedicalpersonneltohave a soundknowledgeandunderstanding of thebasicanatomicterms. • Theaccurateuse of anatomictermsbymedicalpersonnelenablesthemtocommunicatewiththeircolleaguesbothnationallyandinternationally. • Withoutanatomicterms, onecannotaccuratelydiscussorrecordtheabnormalfunctions of joints, theactions of muscles, thealteration of position of organs, ortheexactlocation of swellingsortumors.

36. Anatomical terms are descriptive terms standardized in an international reference guide, TerminologiaAnatomica (TA). TA- International AnatomicalTerminology Createdby the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology and approved by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists, themostrecent (6th) editionwas published in 1998.

37. Many anatomical terms have both Latin and Greek equivalents. Thus the tongue is lingua (L.) and glossa (Gk), and these are the basis of such terms as lingual artery and glossopharyngeal nerve.

38. Variousadjectives, arranged as pairs of opposites, describetherelationship of parts of the body orcomparetheposition of twostructuresrelativetoeachother. • Anatomicaldirectionaltermsarebased on the body in theanatomicalposition • Fouranatomicalplanesdividethe body, andsectionsdividetheplanesintovisuallyusefulanddescriptiveparts.

41. Medialis usedtoindicatethat a structure is nearertothemedianplane of the body. Forexample, the 5th digit of thehand (littlefinger) is medialtotheotherdigits. • Lateralstipulatesthat a structure is fartherawayfromthemedianplane. The 1st digit of thehand (thumb) is lateraltotheotherdigits. • Dorsumusuallyreferstothesuperioraspect of anypartthatprotrudesanteriorlyfromthe body, such as thedorsum of thetongue, nose, penis, orfoot

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43. Anatomicaltermsarespecificforcomparisonsmade in theanatomicalposition, orwithreferencetotheanatomicalplanes: • Superiorrefersto a structurethat is nearerthevertex, thetopmostpoint of thecranium (Mediev. L., skull). • Inferiorrefersto a structurethat is situatednearerthe sole of thefoot.

44. Cranialrelatestothecraniumand is a usefuldirectionalterm, meaningtowardtheheadorcranium. • Caudal(L. cauda, tail) is a usefuldirectionaltermthatmeanstowardthefeetortailregion, represented in humansbythecoccyx (tail bone), thesmall bone at theinferior (caudal) end of thevertebralcolumn.

45. Posterior(dorsal) denotesthebacksurface of the body ornearertotheback. • Anterior (ventral) denotesthefrontsurface of the body. • Rostral is oftenusedinstead of anteriorwhendescribingparts of thebrain; it meanstowardtherostrum (L. forbeak). • Todescribetherelationship of twostructures, one is saidto be anteriororposteriortotheotherinsofar as it is closertotheanteriororposterior body surface.

46. Combinedtermsdescribeintermediatepositionalarrangements: inferomedialmeansnearertothefeetandmedianplane—forexample, superolateralmeansnearertotheheadandfartherfromthemedianplane.

47. Otherterms of relationshipandcomparisonsareindependent of theanatomicalpositionortheanatomicalplanes, relatingprimarilytothebody'ssurfaceoritscentralcore: • Superficial,intermediate, anddeep (Lat. Profundus, profunda) describetheposition of structuresrelativetothesurface of the body ortherelationship of onestructuretoanotherunderlyingoroverlyingstructure. • Externalmeansoutside of orfartherfromthecenter of an organ orcavity, whileinternalmeans inside orclosertothecenter, independent of direction.

48. Otherterms of relationshipandcomparisonsareindependent of theanatomicalpositionortheanatomicalplanes, relatingprimarilytothebody'ssurfaceoritscentralcore: • Externalmeansoutside of orfartherfromthecenter of an organ orcavity, whileinternalmeans inside orclosertothecenter, independent of direction.

49. Proximalanddistalareusedwhencontrastingpositionsnearertoorfartherfromtheattachment of a limborthecentralaspect of a linearstructure (origin in general), respectively. Forexample, thearm is proximaltotheforearmandthehand is distaltotheforearm.

50. Terms of Laterality • Pairedstructureshavingrightandleftmembers (e.g., thekidneys) arebilateral, whereasthoseoccurring on onesideonly (e.g., thespleen) areunilateral. • Somethingoccurring on thesameside of the body as anotherstructure is ipsilateral. • Contralateralmeansoccurring on theoppositeside of thebody • relativetoanotherstructure.