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BREAKOUT SESSION V: ENERGY & CLIMATE What are the key unanswered questions?

What is the effect of the Solid Earth on climate and ocean chemistry (specifically atmospheric CO 2 )? What is the fundamental chemistry of carbon over broad P-T-x conditions for informing energy and climate problems? What are the most effective means of CO 2 sequestration?.

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BREAKOUT SESSION V: ENERGY & CLIMATE What are the key unanswered questions?

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  1. What is the effect of the Solid Earth on climate and ocean chemistry (specifically atmospheric CO2)? What is the fundamental chemistry of carbon over broad P-T-x conditions for informing energy and climate problems? What are the most effective means of CO2 sequestration? BREAKOUT SESSION V: ENERGY & CLIMATE What are the key unanswered questions? Zenhua Duan Brad Hartfield Bob Hazen Russell Hemley Volker Krey Wendy Mao Catherine Peters Tommy Phelps Michelle Weinberger

  2. Where do we want to be in the future? • Explore CO2 sequestration possibilities (e.g. via clathrates in shallow capped systems • Quantify CO2 sequestration potential of world-wide sedimentary basins • Identify promising microbes for non-photosynthetic conversion of CO2 to reduced carbon (e.g. dark life) • Develop porous substrates and nano-scale functionalization • Explore abiotic pathways for energy generation • Passive osmotic desalination techniques Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFS) can store up to 28 times their volume of CO2 selectively Wang et al., Nature 453, 207, 2008.

  3. What do we need to do to get there: Experiments and new instrumentation? • Exploration of P-T-x for synthesis and characterization of new materials and phenomena • Related suite of instrumentation • tools to generate P-T conditions • analytical techniques • New generation of interdisciplinary scientists trained in state-of-the-art techniques

  4. What do we need to do to get there: Field observations? • Inventory of capacity of world-wide sedimentary basins • How much CO2 is already there? • Understanding of lithologies (what formations have more CO2 sequestration potential) • Quantify deep carbon fluxes • Studies of geological record for understanding how Solid Earth has affected climate and ocean chemistry in past (e.g. volcanic activity) • Inventory of subsurface life • collaborate with Sloan inventory for potential organisms

  5. What do we need to do to get there: Theoretical advances? • Theories for prediction • Materials (carbon + everything which is used for dealing with carbon) • Biology (protein and gene dynamics for CO2 sequestration) • System scale (extending current models, adding effects of Solid Earth) • New generation of interdisciplinary scientists who can tackle these problems

  6. BREAKOUT SESSION V: ENERGY & CLIMATECONCLUSIONS • Extreme conditions reaction pathways which will ultimately guide ambient condition use • Biology • Materials • Need multi-national, multi-disciplinary collaborations to make this work

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