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Science Midterm

Science Midterm. Study Guide. Topics. Slide 1- Scientific Method/Lab Report Format Slide 2- Scientific Tools Slide 3- Metric System/Measurement Slide 4- Characteristics of Living Things Slide 5- Classification/Binomial Nomenclature Slide 6- Dichotomous Key

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Science Midterm

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  1. Science Midterm Study Guide

  2. Topics • Slide 1- Scientific Method/Lab Report Format • Slide 2- Scientific Tools • Slide 3- Metric System/Measurement • Slide 4- Characteristics of Living Things • Slide 5- Classification/Binomial Nomenclature • Slide 6- Dichotomous Key • Slide 7- Parts of a Cell- Structure and Function

  3. Topics (continued) • Slide 8- Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells • Slide 9- Animal vs. Plant Cells • Slide 10- Atoms • Slide 11- Molecules • Slide 12- Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

  4. Topics (continued) • Slide 13- All Cell Processes • Slide 14- Passive Transport and Active Transport • Slide 15- Endocytosis • Slide 16- Exocytosis • Slide 17- Diffusion • Slide 18- Osmosis • Slide 19- Facilitated Diffusion • Slide 20- Photosynthesis • Slide 21- Fermentation • Slide 22- Respiration

  5. Topics (continued) • Slide 23- Cell Cycle – Specifically Mitosis • Slide 24- Mitosis vs. Meiosis • Slide 25- Asexual Cell Reproduction • Slide 26- DNA

  6. Scientific Method/Lab Report Format • Purpose • Hypothesis • Materials • Procedure • Data & Observation • Analysis of Data • Results • Conclusion

  7. Scientific Tools • Pipet • Scale (Digital) • Balance • Safety Goggles • Loupe • Flask • Beaker • Graduated Cylinder • Test Tube • Test Tube Tongs • Stopper (Test Tube Stopper) • Dissection Tweezers • Thermometer • Eye Dropper • Sling Psychrometer • Microscope Slide • Cover Slip • Butane Burner • Telescope (Distant) • Barometer • Microscope

  8. Metric System/Measurement Kilo- Deca- Hecto- Basic Unit Deci- Centi- Milli-

  9. Characteristics of Living Things • Living things are made up of cells • Living things obtain and use energy • Living things grow and develop • Living things reproduce • Living things respond to their environment • Living things adapt to their environment

  10. Classification/Binomial Nomenclature • Classification– People developed classification systems to make sense of relationships among organisms. • Binomial Nomenclature– It is the system used by modern scientists to name organisms.

  11. Dichotomous Key Dichotomous Key– A detailed list of identifying characteristics that includes scientific names.

  12. Parts of a Cell- Structure and Function Structure and Function Parts of a Cell

  13. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells - prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus - prokaryotic cells lack some organelles - prokaryotic cells are not found in humans - prokaryotic cells are always unicellular - prokaryotic cells reproduce/divide by binary fission - eukaryotic cells have a nucleus - eukaryotic cells do not lack organelles - eukaryotic cells are found in humans - eukaryotic cells are often multicellular. - eukaryotic cells reproduce/divide by mitosis/meiosis Prokaryotic Cells

  14. Animal vs. Plant Cells Similarities Animal– Only has a cell membrane Smaller and more than one molecule Circular Plant– Chloroplast Cell Wall Rectangular Has one large vacuole Has a nucleus Has vacuoles Has Golgi bodies Has mitochondrion Has cytoplasm Has ribosome Has endoplasmic reticulum Has lysosomes Has nucleolus Has a cell membrane Has a nuclear envelope Differences

  15. Atoms Atoms are the basic particles from which all matter is made, living and non-living. 3 main parts of an atom Protons + Electrons – Neutrons 0 Atomic mass= protons + neutrons # of protons = # of electrons

  16. Molecules A group of atoms that are joined together and act as a single unit. The force that holds 2 atoms together is called a chemical bond. From the chemical formula you can tell what elements are present in a molecule of that compound. H2O– 2 atoms Hydrogen 1 atom Oxygen CO2– 1 atom Carbon 2 atoms Oxygen

  17. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures • Elements are made of one substance (symbol) • Ex. Carbon C • Compounds are made of 2 or more elements chemically joined. (formula) • Ex. Water H2O • Mixtures are made of several substances (no symbol or formula) • Ex. Air

  18. All Cell Processes • Passive Transport • Active Transport • Endocytosis • Exocytosis • Diffusion • Osmosis • Facilitated Diffusion

  19. Passive and Active Transport Active Transport Passive Transport is when you transport substances in and out of the cell without the use of energy. Active Transport is when you transport substances in and out of the cell with the use of energy. Passive Transport

  20. Endocytosis Endocytosis is a process by which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane.

  21. Exocytosis Exocytosis– The contents of a vesicle may be released by the cell.

  22. Diffusion Diffusion is one type of cellular passive transport.

  23. Osmosis Osmosis is the diffusion of water through the cell membrane.

  24. Facilitated Diffusion • Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport that allows substances to cross membranes with the assistance of special transport proteins.

  25. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a process that many producers use to change light energy into chemical energy. Photosynthesis takes place in specialized structures inside plant cells called chloroplasts.

  26. Fermentation is used by cells to release energy when there is not enough oxygen. Fermentation is the process of which cells release energy under anaerobic conditions. Some major products of fermentation are ethanol, lactic acid, and hydrogen gas. Fermentation

  27. Respiration Respiration is a process that releases energy, uses oxygen, and occurs in the mitochondria.

  28. Cell Cycle – Specifically Mitosis Mitosis ends, and each new cell enters a period called… Mitosis begins, which leads to… Cytokinesis Chromosomes have separated Chromatid pairs are now visible, leading to… Pairs of chromatids line up in the center of the cell

  29. Mitosis vs. Meiosis Meiosis No crossing over 2 daughter cells Anything but sex cells Asexual Reproduction 5 steps Crossing over 4 daughter cells Sex cells Sexual Reproduction 8 steps Mitosis

  30. Asexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction is a form of reproduction which requires only one parent, with no exchange of genetic material and fertilization.

  31. DNA DNA– A chemical that contains information that an organism needs to grow and function. DNA strand: T:Thymine G: Guanine A: Adenine T: Thymine C: Cytosine Each side of the “ladder” is made from sugar-phosphate molecules.

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