Earth Science midterm Exam review

1. Use the lines to the right on your sheet to answer the questions. Most of the underlined words are hyperlinks to videos or animations that may aid you. Earth Science midterm Exam review Created by Team SheeShee, Mumsy, and the Hack Daddy

2. Phases of the Moon • Identify the phases of the moon 1 1 new moon 2 waxing crescent 3 first quarter 4 waxing gibbous 5 full moon 6 waning gibbous 7 third (last) quarter 8 waning crescent 8 2 3 7 6 4 5

3. Moon Features/Exploration • The __APOLLO___ missions in the 1960’s and 70’s put scientists on the moon to study its geology. • The moon’s dark surfaces are called __MARIA___ which are made of solidified volcanic rock. • The moon does not have its own ____ATMOSPHERE_____. • The moon is the farthest that any human has ever __TRAVELED___. • The moon formed when a small planetesimal _IMPACTED__ the Earth and splashed off a piece.

4. Eclipses • Label the diagram below with the following. • Lunar or Solar Eclipse • Umbra • Penumbra SOLAR UMBRA PENUMBRA

5. Tides • Tides on Earth are caused by the __POSITION___ of the moon and its position. • The moon is the main cause for tides, but the gravity of the __SUN___ is also a small factor. • There are __2__ high tides and __2___ low tides in a day. • Each month, there are two __SPRING___ tides and __NEAP___ tides. • The ___TIDAL___ range is greatest during a spring tide. • It would be in your best interest to understand and diagram the differences between spring and neap tides.

6. Models of the Solar System • Put the following solar system models in chronological order: • Ptolemy's geocentric model • Copernicus’ heliocentric model • Kepler’s planetary laws of motion PTOLEMY COPERNICUS KEPLER

7. Features of the Sun • Label the parts of the sun • The sun is made up of two main elements: • _HYDROGEN • _HELIUM_ • The process of • _FUSION_ is how the sun generates energy. CORE CORONA CHROMOSPHERE RADIATIVE ZONE PHOTOSPHERE CONVECTIVE ZONE

8. Features of the Sun, 2 • ___SUNSPOTS___ are dark, cooler spots on the sun’s surface. • ___SOLAR FLARES____ create solar winds that can disrupt communication and weather patterns on Earth. • Arc shaped flares are called __SOLAR PROMINENCES_____.

9. Seasons • The Earth’s _ORBIT__ and ___TILT___ of its axis causes seasons. The tilt is __23.5__ degrees. • Label the seasons based on the Earth’s position. • What time of day is the sun closest to being directly over head? ___NOON____ SPRING SUMMER WINTER FALL

10. Revolution • One full revolution of the Earth around the sun takes _365.25__ days. • The Earth’s revolution around the sun is ___ELLIPTICALLY____ -shaped. • The _GEOCENTRIC__ model is the belief that the sun revolved around the Earth. The true nature of the solar system is that it is _HELIOCENTRIC___, putting the sun in the center.

11. Planets • Label the picture and write one fact about each planet. Color inner planets red and outer blue.

12. Comets • Put a 1 in the box that points to the Dust Tail. • Put a 2 in the box pointing to the Plasma tail. • Put a 3 in the box pointing to the Coma. • The _GAS (ION)_ tail always points away from the sun while the __DUST___ tail always trails the comet. GAS (ION) TAIL DUST TAIL COMA

13. Earth Impacts • Meteoroids are traveling towards Earth but haven’t entered the atmosphere, yet. • Meteors are flashes of light or “shooting stars” from the burning up of meteoroids in the atmosphere. • Meteorites are meteors that actually come in contact with earth. Draw each of these 3 below.

14. Solar System Formation • All the planets are roughly the same __AGE__. • Be familiar with the diagram below.

15. Distances • 1 light year = distance light _TRAVELS_ in 1 year. • 1 AU = distance between _SUN_ and _EARTH__. • What unit would you use to measure the distance between Earth and: • The moon MILES OR KM OR LIGHT SECONDS • The Sun AU OR MILES OR KM OR LIGHT MIN • Polaris LIGHT YEARS OR PARSECS • Mars AU OR MILES OR KM OR LIGHT MIN

16. Star life cycle • Fill in the missing stars NEUTRON STAR SUPERNOVA BLACK HOLE RED GIANT WHITE DWARF

17. Stars • Give an example of each of the following. • A galaxy: _MILKY WAY, ANDROMEDA_ • A star: _POLARIS, SIRIUS, ETC_____ • A constellation: _ORION, DIPPERS, ETC_____ • A circumpolar star: _POLARIS (NORTH STAR)___ • A star system: _OUR SOLAR SYSTEM______

18. Galaxies • Look at the shapes of galaxies. Which shape is our galaxy? • _GRAVITY__ is the force that holds our galaxy together.

19. HR Diagram • In the box below, draw a simple HR diagram. B R I G H T N E S S TEMPERATURE

20. Red Shift • __SPECTROSCOPY__ is the use of light spectrum emissions to determine the composition of stars. • We can use red shift and blue shift to describe a stars __MOVEMENT____. • If the star is moving towards us, it has a __BLUE___ shift. This means the light wavelengths are becoming shortened. • If the star is moving away from us, it has a ___RED__ shift. This means the light wavelengths are becoming __LONGER____. • Most stars show red shift, supporting Hubble’s ___________BIG BANG______ theory.

21. Magnitude • Magnitude is another name for __BRIGHTNESS___. • A star’s __ABSOLUTE___ magnitude refers to it’s actual brightness. • __APPARENT___ magnitude refers to how bright a star appears to be. • Use these two terms to compare our Sun to Betelgeuse (supergiant): • ___THE SUN IS CLOSER TO US, GIVING IT A GREATER APPARENT MAGNITUDE EVEN THOUGH BETELGEUSE IS LARGER AND HAS A GREATER ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE._____

22. Atmosphere • Circle the layer where the majority of weather takes place. • Put hearts around the layer that is least dense. • Put a rectangle around the layer that contains ozone. • Draw a line that describes temperature change through the layers.

23. Humidity and Precipitation • List the changes of state that water goes through on Earth. • EVAPORATION (water vapor created) • CONDENSATION (liquid water created) • PRECIPITATION (rain, snow, sleet, freezing rain, hail)_ • RUNOFF (into ocean, river, etc.) and INFILTRATION (into soil) • _DEW POINT_is the temperature that water condenses on or near Earth’s surface. • Air that cannot hold any more water vapor is called __SATURATED____. • What tool is used to measure humidity? SLING PSYCHROMETER

24. Air pressure • A __BAROMETER____ is used to measure air pressure. • Which of the following will decrease air pressure? • increased latitude • increased elevation • increased humidity • decreased elevation • Air will always move from and area of _HIGH__ pressure to an area of __LOW___ pressure. • Wind speeds are greatest when isobars are __CLOSE___ together. • High pressure = __COLD_ / clear weather Low pressure = __WARM____/ stormy weather

25. Weather stations • What information is shown on the weather station model to the right? • WIND SPEED • WIND DIRECTION • TEMPERATURE • DEW POINT • SKY COVER

26. Fronts • Label the diagrams (Cold Front or Warm Front) COLD FRONT WARM FRONT

27. Storms • Don’t travel far • Don’t last long • Hail • Spring & summer • Low P • Counter • clockwise • Windy! • $$$ • Large diameter • Last longer • Get named • Summer & fall