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Westward Expansion

Explore the causes of westward migration after the War of 1812 and the changes linked to the rise of the market economy. Learn about the impact of canals, the growth of industrialization, and its influence on families and communities.

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Westward Expansion

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  1. Westward Expansion Chapter 9 Pages 256- 283

  2. Focus Questions • What caused the upsurge of westward migration after the War of 1812? • What changes were linked to the rise of the market economy? • How did the rise of canals affect where Americans lived and how they made their living? • What caused the rise of Industrialization? • How did the rise of Industrialization influence relationships within families and communities?

  3. Westward Expansion • Population • 1790 • Majority lives East of Appalachian mountains and within a few miles of ocean • 1840 • 1/3 lives between Appalachian mountains and Mississippi River • The Sweep West • Series of bursts • 1790s • 1791-1803 • 4 new states • 1816-1821 • 6 new states • Characteristics • Families • Clustered near rivers • Regional settlement • Society and Customs • Craved sociability • Rural neighbors joined together • Sports, hoedowns • Clear division of labor • Lack of refinement • East-West tensions

  4. Population

  5. Westward Expansion • Far West • Adventure spirit • Zebulon Pike 1806 • John Jacob Astor 1811 • Mountain Men • Kit Carlson • Jedediah Smith • Jim Beckworth • Federal Government • Promised land to enlisted men War of 1812 • 6 million acres of “military bounties” • Led to Congress authorizing extension of National Road in 1816

  6. Indian Removal • 5 Civilized Tribes • Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles • Legislation • 1820s • Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi legislatures restrict natives rights • Jackson • 1830 passes Indian Removal Act • Trades western public land for Indian land in East • 100 million acres of Indian land for 32 million public acres • Supreme Court • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1831 • Marshall denied Cherokee claim as a republic within GA • Recognized claim to land • Worchester v. Georgia 1832 • legal position was a “distinct” political community entitled to Federal protection • Trail of Tears • Treaty of Echota 1835 • All Cherokee lands sold for $6.5 million • Congress ratified • 1/3 die during/after Trail of Tears

  7. Indian Removal • Northwest Tribes • Series of Treaties gave up land • Two uprisings • Red Bird 1827 • crushed • Blackhawk 1832 • Resisted removal • Attacked by Federal and Militia troops • Led to older tribes ceded land to US

  8. Growth of Market Economy • Agricultural Boom • Rising prices in commodities drew settlers west • Demand for wheat increases • Shift to non-agricultural work in NE increases demand • River transportation • Technological advances • 1793 Cotton Gin- Eli Whitney • Risk of Market Economy • No control of fluctuating distant markets • Long interval between harvesting and selling crops • Farmers borrow $ • Short-term debt increases and worse than expected

  9. Growth of Market Economy • Federal Land Policy • Problems with Ordinance of 1785 • Assumed farmers ban together to buy land • Federalists • Encourage wealthy land speculators to buy land • Laws for min. price $2 • Jefferson • Changes laws. Land Law 1800 • Speculator/Squatter • Preemption • Forces small farmers to buy land on credit with high interest • Forced to grow cash crops and exhaust soil • “moving frontier” • Panic of 1819 • Too many bank notes issued • Farmers/investors borrowed tons of $ • Recession in Britain, bumper crops in Europe= less demand • National Bank tightens loan policies • Land speculators lose most, land prices fall • Significance: • Economic damage • Bitter taste about banks • Farmers depend on distant markets • Need better transportation

  10. Transportation Revolution • Weaknesses 1820 • Rivers flowed North to South • Roads expensive • Horse-wagons limited • Steamboat • 1807 Fulton’s Clermont • Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 • Broke up monopoly • Increased Steamboat traffic • Shipping faster and cheaper • Vital role in Miss-Ohio river system • 1st air pollution • Canals • Erie Canal 1817-1825 • Canal Frenzy • Linked Western farms to Eastern cities • Constructed by states • Three consequences • Lowers food prices in East • More immigrants move West • Stronger economic ties between West and East • Boom ended in 1830s • Railroads • 1825- 1st commercial (UK) • US investment 1830s • Connected non-river cities • Cheaper than canals to build • Built by private corporations

  11. Clermont

  12. Transportation Revolution • Growth of Cities • Caused by Transportation Revolution • 1820-1860 • Dramatic in West • Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, St. Louis • River ports, commercial hubs • Completion of canals shifted boom to Great Lakes • Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago

  13. Industrialization • Beginnings • Century behind Britain • Samuel Slater 1789 • 1st Cotton Mill • Regional • Gradual process • Causes • Political • Embargo Act of 1807 • Tariff 1816 • NY Law 1811 • Tensions in Rural Economy • NE, too much pop for land • Technology • Labor saving machines • No guilds • Textile Towns in NE • 1st industrial region • Why? • Recession 1808,1810 • Rivers • Surplus of young women • Cotton Textile Mills • Francis Cabot Lowell 1813 • Lowell Mills • Upset traditional order • Protests • 1834, 1836 • Not just against employers, but women vs. men

  14. Industrialization • Artisans and Workers in Mid-Atlantic Cities • Manufacturing depended on outwork • Industrial centers despite lack of rivers • Trade Unions • As early as 1790s • Skilled vs. unskilled • Shorter workdays • Obstacles: • Immigration • State laws prohibiting Unions • Frequent economic depression • Equality and Inequality • Rich and Poor • Few examples of “rags to riches” • John Jacob Astor • Most people poor • Young nation with little property • Deserving poor vs. undeserving • Immigrants • Irish Catholic • Free Blacks • Deeply rooted prejudice • Restrictions in North • Response • 1st black run churches • African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philly

  15. Industrialization • Middling Class • Most lived in middle • Professionals, landowning farmers, small merchants, artisans • High degree of transience and unpredictability • Social Relationships • Two generalizations • Questioning authority • New foundations of authority • Attack of Professions • Lawyers, Physicians, Ministers • Challenge to Family Authority • Staying home vs. leaving • Free of parental supervision • Changes in marriage decisions • Wives and Husbands • Separate “spheres” • Children • Raising • Birth control • Horizontal Allegiances • New allegiances to social networks • Religious, philosophical • Vehicles to assert influence

  16. Writing Practice • Create a thesis for the following question: • In what ways did developments in transportation bring about economic and social change in the United States in the period 1820 to 1860?

  17. Writing Practice • One sentence • MUST include: • Answer the prompt • Provide place/time • TWO categories of analysis • Economic • Social • Website: • Thesis Statements: How to Write Them (Dennis G. Jerz, Seton Hill University)

  18. Writing Practice 11/13/09 • Create a fact list • In what ways did developments in transportation bring about economic and social change in the United States in the period 1820 to 1860?

  19. Fact List

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