PSYCHOANALYTICAL APROACH Key figures: Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney

1. PSYCHOANALYTICAL APROACHKey figures: Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney • Personality is…it arises from a conflict between our aggressive pleasure seeking biological impulses & the internalized social restraints against them. It is a way of expressing impulses that brings satisfaction w/o guilt or punishment. • Freud (1856-1939) Considered the “father of psychoanalysis,” medical doctor wanting to assist those suffering from “hysteria” and “neurosis,” used free association and dream interpretation • Jung (1875-1961) expanded on dream interpretation, coined terms such as “collective unconscious” and “archetypes.” He and Freud very close, but parted ways. Influence dev. of Myers-Briggs-Keirsey! • “Neo-Freudians”—the new Freudians • Adler (1870-1937) Supported treating the “whole” individual, recognizing social forces, emphasized issues of “inferiority complex” and low self esteem to be harmful to peoples’ success/happiness • Karen Horney (1885-1952) Supported some of Freud’s ideas, but disputed sexist ideas such as “penis envy.” Felt neurosis was a product of parent/child issues.

2. TOOLS • Projective tests • Inkblots • Thematic Apperception tests • Freud • Free association • Dream interpretation • Hypnosis

3. PSYCHOANALYTICAL APROACH • Strengths: • Importance of childhood • Power of the unconscious • Struggle with inner conflicts • Provided foundation ideas for later theories • Weaknesses: • Development is not just a childhood process • Underestimates peer influence • Superiority of men belief • Dream theories not relevant today • Is repression a myth? • How the unconscious is defined (We have a better understanding as to what the unconscious mind can and cannot do today.) • Lack of scientific methodology

4. ICEBURG ANALOGY OF THE MIND

5. FREUD’S COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY • 1. Id – “pleasure principle” unconsciousimpulses that want to be gratified, without regard to potential punishment….YOUR INNER CHILD • 2. Ego “reality principle”– moderates between the id and superego…YOU IN THE MIDDLE • 3. Superego – the “moral principle” of our personality which tells us right from wrong our conscience…YOURINNER PARENT

6. PSYCHOANALYTICAL APPROACH • TERMS TO KNOW: • Defense mechanisms: • Repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, & sublimation Freud’s stages of psychosexual development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, & genital http://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html

7. DEFENSE MECHANISM REVIEW Adam loved the girlfriend that dumped him, but he acts as if he is glad to be rid of her. His behavior most clearly illustrates which of the following? • Repression • Projection • Reaction formation • Sublimation • Regression Laura is struggling to adjust to college life and independent living. She can often be found curled up on the couch with a stuffed animal watching cartoons. • Repression • Regression • Reaction formation • Displacement • Projection

8. DEFENSE MECHANISM REVIEW Luis has a history of being very jealous and controlling in his relationships, but when Sara tries to talk to him about it, he responds, “Look in the mirror! You are the jealous one!” • Regression • Sublimation • Reaction formation • Displacement • Projection I was so frustrated with my son this morning because he took forever to pick out his clothes. When we were running late, I snapped at my daughter for taking too long. • Sublimation • Reaction formation • Displacement • Projection • Denial

9. Trait Theory • Personality is…identifiable and measurable behavior patterns to be described, labeled & categorized. • The Greeks had 4: melancholic, sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric • Key figures: Allport, Myers & Briggs, Eysenck, Costa & McCrae • Allport was first to start collecting list of trait labels and categorizing them. Cardinal trait, central trait, & secondary trait • Assessment Types • Children: shy-inhibited or fearless-uninhibited • Type A or Type B personalities • Body types: endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph • Myers-Briggs: thinking-feeling (Keirsey test is a version of this) • MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasice Personality Inventory…business, jobs, etc. • Eysenck: introvert/extrovert stable/unstable • Costa & McCrae: The Big 5: OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extroverted, agreeableness, neurotic)

10. Trait theory Strengths • Objective tests • Averaging our behaviors reveals distinct personality traits • Individual differences are typically easily perceived. • Data driven • Scientific methodology employed • More universally applied • Weaknesses • Self reports are ok, but are peer reports better? • Person-situation controversy: do personality trait persist over time & across situations or do situations influence us more than we like to admit? • Personality scores do not strongly predict behaviors…again situational influences; therefore, what is the value of this knowledge? • The Barnum Effect

11. Trait theory • The Barnum Effect: the tendency of individuals to accept vague and generalized personal feedback; also known as the fallacy of personal validation • Be alert to this when reading evaluations that may not be scientifically sound. • If you read all of the horoscopes, you may find they all apply to you in some regards.

12. Humanistic theory • Personality is…our sense of self and should be viewed through the eyes of the subject not the researcher. • Typical measure include: self-esteem, self-efficacy, self-concept… • Key figures: Abraham Maslow (hierarchy of needs & motivation) & Carl Rogers (therapy: client-centered, unconditional positive regard; self-actualization • Assessment • Sometimes subjective sometimes objective • The ideal vs. the actual self (when equitable, it is considered a + self-concept: our overall view of our abilities, behavior, and personality or what we know about ourselves.)

13. Humanistic theory • Strengths • The importance of the self • Significant influence on counseling, education, parenting, management • Emphasis on the individual reinforces Western values, so it is widely accepted & applicable in some cultures, but not all • Weaknesses • Is self-esteem a cause of personality or an effect of events? (self esteem is the core concept of this approach, it how we evaluate ourselves) • Self-serving bias: the tendency to perceive ourselves more favorably; adaptively, a good thing, but in term of reliable measures it can be a problem • Vague & subjective • Too much focus on the self? • Naively optimistic? What about evil?

14. Self-serving bias • A common test gives a list of attributes such as “leadership ability,” “athletic ability,” “tolerance,” “energy level,” “helpfulness,” “responsibility,” and “sincerity.” Participants rate themselves on a scale of 1-9 (1=considerably well below average to 9=considerably well above average). When averaged, almost all score with a mean above “5.” Everyone rates themselves overall “above average.”

15. Perception of Control • Do you strongly believe that what happens to you is of your own doing? • Do you believe that the average person can influence government decisions? • Do you believe being successful is a matter of hard work? • If so, you tend to have an internal locus of control.

16. Perception of Control • Do you feel the world is run by a few powerful people? • Do you feel that getting a good job depends mainly on being at the right place at the right time? • Do you feel that success and luck go hand in hand? • If so, you tend to have an external locus of control. • A sense of control is a human necessity or one may likely suffer from learned helplessness.

17. Perception of Control • Julian Rotter developed a tool to measure internal and external locus of control. It involved statements including: • “Many of the unhappy things in people’s lives are partly due to bad luck.” • “People’s misfortunes result from the mistakes they make.” • “Becoming a success is a matter of hard work; luck has little or nothing to do with it.” • “Getting a good job depends mainly on being in the right place at the right time.” • Subjects were then labeled as “internals” or “externals,” and certain behaviors became predictable such as gambling, achievement motivation, etc.

18. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Personality is…a result of external events and how we interpret them. • Key players: Alfred Bandura (Bobo doll) • Reciprocal determinism: process of interacting w/ our environment • Assessment • Correlation & experimentation… putting people in situations and measuring their behaviors • Predictive power in past behavior patterns or simulated situations

19. Culture’s influence • Individualistic societies: ME • Give priority to one’s own goals over the group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications • Typical of American, Western European, Australian & New Zealand cultures • Join groups but not as focused on group harmony • Collectivistic societies: WE • Give priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly • Typical of Eastern cultures (China, Japan, SE Asia) • Group harmony & connections to extended family are highly valued.

20. Social-Cognitive Perspective Strengths Notes the importance of the interaction of the person & situation Builds on research of learning & cognition • Weaknesses • Too much focus on the situation & not the individual’s traits • Where is the “person” in personality?

21. 4 APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY PSYCHOANALYTICAL APPROACH (FREUD, JUNG), PROJECTIVE TESTS, LITTLE VERY SUBJECTIVE, FOCUS ON RESOLVING CONFLICT. TRAIT THEORY (MMPI, MYERS-BRIGGS), OBJECTIVE TOOLS, UNIVERSAL APPLICATION, FOCUS ON CLASSIFICATION & LABELS SOCIAL-COGNITIVE APPROACH, (BANDURA), SITUATION MATTERS, CULTURE MATTERS HUMANISTIC (ROGERS, MASLOW, FOCUS ON IMPROVE SELF-ESTEEM, SELF-CONCEPT, ETC. FOCUS ON EMPOWERING THE INDIVIDUAL