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BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 2 PAGES 166-176

Learn about the process of meiosis, reduction division, and its role in producing haploid gametes. Compare mitosis and meiosis, and explore the genetic consequences of sexual and asexual reproduction. Discover the advantages of sexual reproduction. Diagrams and explanations included.

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BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 2 PAGES 166-176

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  1. BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 2 PAGES 166-176

  2. Standards 5.4 ____ Describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over. Explain how reduction division results in the formation of haploid gametes or spores ____ Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis and relate them to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation 5.5

  3. Essential Question: What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? 1.

  4. cycle mitosis identical • Chromosome Number The purpose of the cell ______ with ________ is to make daughter cells that are ________ to the parent cell. • This allows the organism to _____, develop and ______ cells • Species are ________ for the number of chromosomes they have • e.g. grow repair specific fruit fly = 8 chromosomes

  5. effect complexity ferns = 1200 chromosomes / cell • the chromosome number has no ______ on the overall ___________ of an organism e.g. • In a human ________ cell there are ___ different chromosomes • In a human ________ cell, the ___ chromosomes are grouped into __ sets of ___, one chromosome is donated by _____ and the other by _____ somatic 46 somatic 46 2 23 mom dad

  6. Homologous chromosomes = matching pairs of _____________ • homologous chromosomes have similar ______ for the body but are not _________ DIAGRAM: chromosomes traits identical

  7. How is it possible for two different parents to form an offspring that has the same amount of chromosomes as they do? A. Sexual reproduction = the process by which chromosomes of __ parents combine to form a new __________ • Each parent has to produce _____ that have only ____ the amount of chromosomes as their _______ cells • gametes = special, reproductive cells that house only ___ the number of chromosomes as _____ cells e.g. 2 individual cells 1/2 parent 1/2 body egg, sperm

  8. haploid diploid • with regard to chromosome number, gametes are described as being ________ while somatic cells are _________ • haploid = term used to describe cells with only __ complete set of chromosomes e.g. • diploid = term used to describe cells with ___ complete sets of chromosomes e.g. 1 egg, sperm (gametes) 2 body cells (somatic cells)

  9. B. Fertilization = the process of an ____ and _______ combining to produce a new __________ • Zygote = the single cell that results from ___________ • zygotes are ________ when describing the number of chromosomes within the cell egg sperm individual fertilization diploid

  10. offspring zygote mitosis II. The Production of Gametes Since a new cell is being made when an _________ or _______ is formed, the cell ______ is used only instead of ________ there is a process called ________ cycle meiosis

  11. G2 G1 S copy A. Interphase • This include ___, __, and ___ phases which will _____ all the organelles that the new gametes will need as well as copying the ____ B. Meiosis = the process in which _____ are produced that have only ____ the number of chromosomes as _______ cells DNA cells 1/2 parent

  12. 2 1/2 • Meiosis involves __ divisions after interphase which can cut the chromosome number by ____ for the daughter cells • Meiosis division 1 includes: __________, ____________, ___________, and ___________ • Meiosis division 2 includes: ___________, ____________, ___________, and ____________ prophase I metaphase I anaphase I telophase I prophase II metaphase II anaphase II telophase II

  13. 4 haploid C. Cytokinesis • divides the resulting __ daughter cells each of which is _______ in chromosome number

  14. meiosis gametes egg III. Gamete Formation Even after the cell cycle with ________, the daughter cells are only ________ NOT fully mature ____ or sperm • Gametogenesis = the production of fully mature _________ or sex cells • the process to obtain a fully mature _________ will vary by organism in time and according to sex gametes gametes

  15. 4 4 A. Males- for the __ daughter cells that are produced, __ turn into sperm cells DIAGRAM:

  16. 4 1 unequal B. Females - for the __ daughter cells that are produced, only __ becomes an egg due to ________ division of cytoplasm DIAGRAM:

  17. IV. Mitosis vs. Meiosis diploid haploid somatic cells gametes 1 / cycle 2 / cycle to make / replace cells that are identical to make cells with ½ chromosome number

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