PRESENTATION ON AVIAN INFLUEZA

1. PRESENTATION ON AVIAN INFLUEZA GROUP NO, 4

2. INTRODUCTION Avian influenza:- It is commonly known as bird flu and more formally as avian influenza, refers to flu caused by viruses that infect wild and domestic birds and make them ill. It is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. HPAI (highly pathogenic avian influenza) Also is a highly contagious strains virus that can affect people and animals

3. How does it spread • The Avian Influenza virus is mainly shed in the droppings and secretions of infected birds. Susceptible birds that come in contact with the virus become infected and may develop disease. • Avian Influenza viruses commonly occur naturally in wild waterfowl and some other wild birds that may appear to be completely healthy. Migratory birds can carry the virus for long distances, likely even from other continents. • Large amounts of the virus can be present in bird droppings, which can contaminate dust, soil, water, equipment, vehicles, cages, clothing and foot wear, and can be carried on these from farm to farm and from country to country. The virus can even be carried on the feet and bodies of animals such as rodents, and likely also by flies. Fact: One gram of infected poultry manure can contain enough Avian Influenza virus to infect up to 1 million birds

4. Avian influenza appears to spread from birds to humans through direct, close contact with sick birds or with fecal-contaminated surfaces. As yet there is no confirmed evidence that current avian influenza viruses spread from person to person. Influenza viruses, however, mutate (change) easily. Scientists and public health experts fear that an avian flu strain might strike a person who is already infected with a human variant of influenza.

5. Causative Agents and mode of transmission Avian flu:-is the illness caused by the Avian influenza virus.Bird flu can be transmitted from livestock to wild birds and also to pet birds, and vice-versa. The virus spreads through infected birds, via their saliva, nasal secretions, feces, and feed.Birds become infected when they are in contact with contaminated excrements or secretions, or tainted surfaces. Domesticated poultry becomes infected via direct contact with infected waterfowl, other infected livestock, or tainted surfaces of cages and other farming equipment and installations.

6. Continue…. • Humans can become infected and ill with avian influenza after coming into contact with infected birds. The following circumstances have been linked to human illness: • Touching infected birds • De-feathering infected birds • Touching secretions from infected birds (saliva or fluids from infected birds) • Being in contact with the feces of infected birds • Inhaling dried feces dust from infected birds • Preparing poultry for cooking, if the bird was infected. This also includes household settings • Slaughtering or butchering infected poultry • Markets where live birds are sold. If the birds are infected, those who handle them have a risk of becoming ill.

7. The signs of avian flu Sign is something other people can detect, such as a rash or a swelling.In a large number of patients, flu caused by the H5N1 virus develops unusually aggressively. Bird flu's incubation period of two to eight days is longer than for normal, human seasonal flu (two to three days). In some cases, the incubation period may take as long as 17 days.For field investigations and monitoring of patient contacts, WHO (World Health Organization) recommends health care professionals use an incubation period of seven days.

8. Cont… • Humans with avian flu may have the following signs and symptoms (many are the same as normal seasonal human flu): • A cough, usually dry • A high fever over 38C • Aching bones, joints and muscles • Bleeding from the nose • Blocked nose • Chest pain • Cold sweats and chills • Fatigue • Headache • Loss of appetite

9. Cont…….. • Runny nose • Sleeping difficulties • Stomach upset, sometimes diarrhea. • Bleeding from the gums • Some patients develop the symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection, which includes breathing difficulties. This occurs around day five of the first symptoms • Hoarse voice • Spurtumis sometimes bloody • Patients with avian influenza can deteriorate rapidly, resulting in pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and death. • Gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea • upper-respiratory-tract infections

10. diagnosis • A doctor will be able to diagnose flu according to its hallmark signs and symptoms. The patient will also be asked about any recent travel, as well as any contact with birds. • Bird flu needs to be diagnosed early on during the disease's cycle. A respiratory specimen will be collected and sent to the lab - this should ideally occur within four to five days of symptoms appearing.

11. Affected wildlife species • Class insect Blow fly Mosquito • Mammals Wild Dogs Wild cats(Feral cat) • All Birds( Domestic & Wild)

12. Threat to wildlife • In the mid-1990s, a strain emerged in Asia that was lethal to poultry, humans, and wildlife. That latter strain—called highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1), or HPAI H5N1—moves from region to region mainly via the poultry trade and in some cases through the movement of wild birds. • In 2005, HPAI, H5N1 killed several thousand of wild birds in central China--the first time the virus had significantly spread within a wild animal population. Until then, spread of the virus had been limited to poultry populations in Asia.

13. DISEASE MANAGEMENT • What you can do - there are measures each individual can take to minimize the spread of flu, bird flu, and many other infections, these include: • Hand hygiene - regularly wash your hands with warm water and soap before and after using the toilet, and before preparing meals. Wash your hands after coughing. • If you cough, do so into the inner part of your elbow, not your hand. If you cough into your hand and then touch things, other people may become infected if they touch surfaces you contaminated. If possible, use a tissue when you cough, and dispose of it carefully. • If you are ill, stay away from public places and avoid contact with people

14. When visiting your doctor, tell the receptionist so that you can be isolated from other patients. Some GP (general practice, primary care) clinics may give you a surgical mask to wear • Make sure you are up-to-date with your vaccinations, especially seasonal flu and pneumococcal vaccines • When preparing foods, do not use the same utensils for cooked and raw meats. Before handling raw poultry, wash your hands with soap and water before and afterwards. Cooked poultry is safe to eat.Do not go near a dead or sick bird. Call your local authority and report any sightings of dead animals. Follow local and national guidelines if you work with domestic birds.

15. RELEVANT DISEASE H1N1 (seasonal human flu) infects higher up in the respiratory tract, while H5N1 infects further down, making it more lethal but less human transmissible

16. Influenza (H1N1) virus is the subtype of influenza virus that was the most common cause of human influenza (flu) • Influenza virus subtype H5N1, also known as "bird flu", (H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the influenza virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species. A bird-adapted strain of H5N1, called HPAI (H5N1) for "highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1", is the causative agent of H5N1 flu, commonly known as "avian influenza" or "bird flu". It is enzootic in many bird populations, especially in Southeast Asia. H5N1 Virus H1N1 Virus

17. CONLUSION It is currently impossible to stop avian influenza from spreading - it is a virus that is carried by birds, including wild birds that migrate. Understanding bird migration and monitoring their movements provides local health and agricultural authorities with vital data so that they can prepare and protect livestock.

18. Participant • TumainiOleteteiyo • John Shana • LaltaikaLaltaika • Tatu S Kandhoro • Herman Van Rooyen • LusajoNsweve

19. NOT LET NATURE TO TAKE ITS OWN COURSE NOW BECAUSE THERE IS NO LONGER NATURAL STATE “TIME WILL TELL”