PADM 7260 Democracy and Public Administration

1. Kim Berryman-Dages Gregory Gates Bryan LaBrecque Judd Quarles PADM 7260Democracy and Public Administration

2. Topic… • How Does the Government Actually Operate and… • …What Role Does the Public Administrator Play In It?

3. To answer the question posed, we will focus on four important components… • The Vision of the Framers of the US Constitution • President Woodrow Wilson’s Opinions • The Role of Public Administrators in Today’s Policy Making • The Pros and Cons of “Out-sourcing” Government Services (aka “Size of Government) Four Key Components…

4. What Type of Government Did the Framers of the Constitution Envision?

5. During infancy, the US framers were unsure what type of government they desired, but were convinced of one they shunned… Background… Care for a spot of tea?

6. Articles of Confederation (1781) • Federalist v. Anti-Federalists • Central Government and State Government • Constitutional Convention • Participation/Representation • Factions/Special Interests • Separation of Powers • Ratification (1789) • Bill of Rights (1791) Background (cont)…

7. Key Players… • Federalists • Alexander Hamilton • James Madison • John Jay • George Washington • Ben Franklin • Anti-Federalists • Thomas Jefferson • Patrick Henry • Thomas Paine • George Mason • George Clinton

8. Key Issues… • Federalists • Strong Central Gov’t • Ability to Tax • Ability to Wage War • National Government Would Foster More Commerce • Preserving Order • Anti-Federalists • Government should rest with States • Personal Liberties Unprotected – No Bill of Rights • Central Power - Tyrannical • Congress - Aristocratic • Believed the Federalist Form of Government was Untested Unanimity was clearly not one of the objectives of the framers of the US Constitution!! Similar arguments continue to simmer today…

9. What Were Woodrow Wilson’s Opinions of the Way Government Was Operating ?

10. President - 1913 to 1921 • Exponent of Progressive Reform Movement • Scholar • Faculty Member at Bryn Mawr, Wesleyan, and Princeton • Visiting “Lecturer of Administration” at Johns Hopkins • Notable Works • Congressional Government – 1885 • The Study of Administration – 1887 • Significant Starting Point in the Study of Public Administration Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924)

11. Good Administration was not Common in U.S. • Characterized by: • Corruption • Confusion • Sinecurism • Obscurity • Fraud • Inefficiency • Civil servants were a Class of Politicians His Opinion of Government Operation • Government Too Focused on Political Issues when Administrative Issues were More Critical

12. What Were Woodrow Wilson’s Recommendations for its Administration?

13. Abolish or Alter System of Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances • Unnecessarily Created Obscurity and Inefficiency • Promote Effectiveness, Efficiency, Formalized Administrative Law, Hierarchical Organization, and Professional and Educated Public Servants • Believed all could be promoted simultaneously with democracy • Politics-Administration Dichotomy • Firm Stance on Issue is Questionable • Study of Administration as a Science • Called for Comparative Study of Administration Recommendations for Administration

14. Who Do You See As the Actual Policy Makers Today?

15. Citizens and interest groups can play a large role in setting the policy agenda. • The media also plays a role in setting the policy agenda. • Executive Branch • President, Governors, Local Executives • Legislatures • Congress, State Legislatures, Local Legislative Bodies • Agencies • Organizations that actually decide how policy will be implemented Who Is Involved in Policymaking?

16. Much research has focused on the court systems actions in a policymaking context • Ideological compositions of courts can shape policymaking in a preemptive way. • Lawmakers are concerned about the ultimate fate of laws. • “Limited political capital” of lawmakers. • Relations between policymakers and state Supreme Courts are important in many states. • Hostile relationships- reductions in enactment of laws. • Friendly relationships- more enactment of laws. The Courts as Policymakers?

17. Where Does the Public Administrator Fit in?

18. Formally had a role of party loyalist and one of ensuring needs of political supporters. • Example: the Machine system with party “bosses.” • Now mostly serves as an agent of the government. • Important linkage between the profession, government, and citizens. • Often involved in influencing policies that affect their department. • Must exercise some autonomy to make tough decisions as how to get things done. • Implementation • Agent to help make citizens happy. • Public input, encouragement of participation Public Administrator…

19. What Does it Mean to Contract Out Services?

20. PPP or P3 • Term PPP is fairly new term • Concept of using private capital to provide public facilities is very old Public Private Partnership

21. 17th century France constructed canals • 18th and early 19th century Britain road repairs • Until mid-19th century most of London’s bridges • Late 19th century the Brooklyn Bridge in New York Concept of using private capital to provide public facilities

22. The public sector reform movement (New Public Management) in the 1980s to accomplish: • Decentralization of government • Separate purchase of public services from provision • Output/performance based measurement for public services • Contract out public services to the private sector • Privatization of public services PPP a Result of:

23. Act of reducing role of government or increasing the role of the other institutions to produce goods and services • A Public-Private Partnership is a contractual agreement between a public agency and a private sector entity • Skills and assets of each sector shared in delivering a service or facility for the use of the general public • Each party shares in the risks and rewards potential Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Definition

24. Transportation Social infrastructure Public utilities Government offices Specialized services PPP Examples…

25. Who’s in Charge?

26. Depends on the Form of Government • (Historically five forms: council-manager, mayor-council, commission, town meeting and representative town meeting) • Contract Execution • Public/ Private Entity Leadership Who is in Charge?

27. Pros and Cons of Contracting

28. Mass transit Hotels and Malls Downtown development districts Positive Aspects of Contracting

29. Sandy Springs, Georgia • After incorporation, and during recession, Sandy Springs, GA • $14 million surplus • $21 million reserve • Paved more roads in the community than county in past 20 years • New parks, established 125­ person police force, and 89 firefighters with all new equipment • Improved EMS capability, established a state-of-­the art, joint electronic 911 service with another city • Five new GA cities, ranging in size from 2,500 to almost 100,000 • Cost per capita of the traditional cities to 5 PPP cities 128% higher PPP “Darling” (example)

30. Log-rolling and pork-barrel politics Weakened market tests Weaker Management Lack of innovation Corruption Crowding Out Negative Aspects of Contracting

31. How does the Government Actually Operate and What Role Does the Public Administrator Play in it? • Government operation is a complex combination of administration, bureaucracy, politics, public and private agendas, mixed in with a touch of business principles • The Public Administrator’s primary role is to “wade into this pool” and extricate the policies (at times influencing and/or adjusting them) and then implement steps to execute the policies in an effective and hopefully, an efficient manner. Conclusions…

32. Questions? Bryan LaBrecque – Framers Gregory Gates – Woodrow Wilson Judd Quarles – Policy Makers Kim Berryman-Dages - Outsourcing