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Part II Splanchnology Chapter 4 The general Description

Part II Splanchnology Chapter 4 The general Description. Part II Splanchnology. Chapter 4 The general Description. The definition and subdivisions of the splanchnology : alimentary system respiratory system urinary system

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Part II Splanchnology Chapter 4 The general Description

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  1. Part II Splanchnology Chapter 4 The general Description

  2. Part II Splanchnology Chapter 4 The general Description • The definition and subdivisions of the splanchnology: • alimentary system • respiratory system • urinary system • genital system • The study of viscera. • Most of them are situated in the thoracic, abdominal and • pelvic cavities and are associated with the pleura or • peritoneum. • It also opened to outside of body directly or indirectly.

  3. II . The main functions of viscera: • Thealimentary system: to ingest foods; secrete enzymes • that modify the sizes of food molecules; absorb the products • of this digestive action and to eliminate the unused residua. • The respiratory system: to carry out the gass exchanges • --- supply of oxygen for the living cells and remove of carbon • dioxide resulting from cell metabolism. • The urinary system: to keep the body in homeostasis by • removing and restoring selected amount of water and solutes. • It also excretes selected amount of various wastes. • The genital system: to produce germ cells and to secrete • some hormones.

  4. III . The general structures of viscera: • The tubular organs: The wall of them is formed • by 4 layers. from inside to outside, they are: • Mucosa (mucous membrane) • ---epithelium • --- lamina propria of mucosa • ---muscular layer of mucosa • --- mucosal folds • --- lymphoid nodule • --- glands of mucosa • Submucosa • ---glands of submucosa • --- lymphatic tissue of submucosa • Muscular coats ： • --- inner circular layer • ---outer longitudinal layer • Serosa or adventitia

  5. 2. The parenchymatous organs: --- a soft, grayish-red or brownish cell mass. --- fibrous capsule or serous membrane --- fibrous septum and lobules --- hilum or porta and root of the viscus

  6. IV. The reference lines and abdominal regions • References lines of the thorax: • Anterior median line • Lateral sternal line • Midclavicular line • Parasternal line • Anterior axillary line • Midaxillary line • Posterior axillary line • Scapular line • Paravertebral line • Posterior median line

  7. 2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions: • 2 transverse lines : • subcostal line • transtubercular line • 2 longitudinal lines: • midinguinal lines • 9 regions: • epigastric region • umbilical region • pubic (hypogastric) region • right and left hypochondriac regions • right and left lumbar（lateral）regions • right and left inguinal (iliac) regions

  8. 2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions: • a transverse line through the • umbilicus and a vertical line • in the midline of the body. • 4 regions: upper right ( RUQ ) • upper left ( LUQ ) • lower right ( RLQ ) • lower left ( LLQ )

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