Safe Practices

1. Objective 1 BIO/IPC(1): The student, for at least 40% of the instructional time, conducts field and laboratory investigations using safe, environmentally appropriate, and ethical practices. (A) Demonstrate safe practices during field and laboratory investigations Safe Practices

2. “You Tell Me” After Sue has completed the laboratory investigation ….. Thumbs Up or Thumbs Down? Sue should return any unused chemicals to the original container. FALSE Sue should place any broken glass in the glass receptacle. TRUE Clean and properly store the equipment so that the possibility of contamination is minimized. TRUE Sue should use caution because sulfuric acid is corrosive. TRUE

3. Notes Circle the process where safety precautions should be planned

4. Infer What Information can be gathered from the following Pictograms?

5. Objective 1 BIO/IPC(2):The student uses scientific methods during field and laboratory investigations. (B)Collect data and make measurements with precision Safe Practices

6. How Much? “You Tell Me” A B D C

7. “Precision” Which Group’s Data is the most precise? Group B Group A

8. “Precision” Which Group’s Data is the most precise?

9. “Precision” Which Group’s Had the Most Consistent Data??

10. Objective 3 BIO (4):The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things and have specialized parts that perform specific functions, and that viruses are different from cells and have different properties and functions. The student is expected to: (C) Compare the structures and functions of viruses to cells and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases and conditions such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome, common colds, small pox, influenza, and warts Viruses

11. Objective 3 BIO (4):The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things and have specialized parts that perform specific functions, and that viruses are different from cells and have different properties and functions. The student is expected to: (D) Identify and describe the role of bacteria in maintaining health such as in digestion and in causing diseases such as in streptococcus infections and diphtheria Bacteria

12. Nitrogen Cycle Notes Nitrogen fixing bacteria transform unusable forms of nitrogen to usable forms for organisms. They are an important part of the nitrogen cycle

13. Bacteria FAQs • Not all bacteria is harmful • Most bacterial infections can be controlled with antibiotics • 3. Heat often kills bacteria (fever, cooking food thoroughly)

14. Objective 3 BIO (13): The student knows the significance of plants in the environment. (A): evaluate the significance of structural and physiological adaptations of plants to their environments Plant Adaptations

15. Adaptation: • Stomata are located on the upper side of the leaf. • Possible Purpose: • Water Plants (allows for gas exchange) Plant Adaptation Notes • Adaptation: • Broad Leaf Surface for more absorption of sunlight • Possible Purpose: • Plants in low light environment

16. Plant Adaptation Notes Adaption: Spines on Plant Possible Purpose: Plant Protection

17. Plant Adaptation Notes Adaption: Pneumatophores Possible Purpose: Mangrove plants or plants which live in waterlogged soils. This structure allows for gas oxygen absorption for cellular respiration in plants

18. Plant Adaptation Notes Adaption: Seed with wing-like structures Possible Purpose: Wind dispersal of seed

19. Plant Adaptation Notes Adaption: Long tap root Possible Purpose: Roots can go great distances to reach water

20. Plant Adaptation Notes Adaption: Several small seeds in sweet fruit Possible Purpose: Greater possibility of dispersal and possibility to be eaten by other organisms

21. BIO(4): The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things and have specialized parts that perform specific functions, and that viruses are different from cells and have different properties and functions. The student is expected to: (B) Investigate and identify cellular processes including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, function of cellular parts, and synthesis of new molecules. Cellular Processes

22. Cell Parts Nucleus- control center of the cell Mitochondria- powerhouse produces energy; ATP; numerous in muscle cells Chloroplast- site of photosynthesis contain green pigment called chlorophyll to trap sunlight Ribosome- site of protein synthesis Cell wall- only in plant cells; structure Cell membrane- transport of into/out of cell Flagella & Cilia- movement of the cell Cell Notes

23. Cell Energy Cell Energy Notes Photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O + Energy  C6H12O6 + O2 (Reactants) (Products) Respiration: C6H12O6 + O2  ATP + H20 + CO2 (Reactants) (Products) Depletion of oxygen results in production of lactic acid build-up (sore muscles)

24. Cell Transport Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane called the lipid bilayer or cell membrane Cell Transport Notes

25. Homeostasis • If a cell becomes to large to carry out homeostasis, it divides into 2 identical cells (binary fission) • Dynamic Equilibrium is reached when concentrations are equal on both sides of the concentration gradient. Homeostasis Notes

26. Question 1 Which would most likely cause the liquid in Tube A to rise? a. Starch concentrations being equal on each side of the membrane b. Water and starch volumes being the same c. Water passing from a region of lower starch concentration to one of higher starch concentration d. Solute in the tubes changing from a higher temperature to a lower temperature

27. Question 2 Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration often considered opposites? a. Photosynthesis produces twice as many ATP molecules as cellular respiration does. b. Photosynthesis occurs during the day, and cellular respiration occurs at night. c. Water is released during photosynthesis and consumed during cellular respiration. d. Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis and used during cellular respiration.

28. Question 3 The picture shows a cell model and the solutions associated with it. In this situation the cell model will — a. gain mass c. increase in solute content b. shrink d. start to vibrate

29. BIO(6): The student knows that the structures and functions of nucleic acids in the mechanisms of genetics. The student is expected to: (A) Describe components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and illustrate how information for specifying the traits of an organism is carried in the DNA. DNA

30. Notes: “What is DNA?” • DeoxyriboNucleicAcid • Function: blueprint for life; determines traits of an organism • Composition: • Double-stranded • Strands are made of nucleotides – a single unit of DNA. • Contain a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen base. • Arranged in a double helix • Location in every cell: • nucleus

31. In all plant and animal cells, the nucleus contains long molecules of DNA. Which of the following best describes the function of DNA? a. DNA provides the shape and structure of the nucleus. b. DNA packages materials for transport through the nucleus. c. DNA carries materials into and out of the nucleus. d. DNA contains the blueprint for producing the whole organism. Question 1

32. All of the following are found in a DNA molecule except — a. carbon dioxide b. deoxyribose c. nitrogen d. phosphate Question 2

33. Which molecule is most responsible for determining an organism’s eye color, body structure, and cellular enzyme production? a. Complex starch b. Fatty acid c. Carbohydrate d. Deoxyribonucleic acid Question 3

34. Proteins are produced according to a special code found in the control center of the cell. Which of these molecules carries this code? a. DNA b. ADP c. Phosphate d. Lipid Question 4

35. Notes: “DNA Base Pairing” • Four nitrogenous bases • Adenine • Thymine • Cytosine • Guanine • Base pairing • adenine complements (pairs with) thymine • cytosine complements guanine • Sequence of bases (nucleotides) determines traits

36. Determine the complement strand of DNA for each strand shown below: ATACGCCCTTGAG _________________ GCCCTATATTGCG _________________ GTGTCCCAGGGG _________________ “Base Pairing Practice”

37. In DNA, which of the following determines the traits of an organism? a. Amount of guanine b. Number of sugars c. Sequence of nucleotides d. Strength of hydrogen bonds Question 5

38. Erwin Chargaff studied the DNA of organisms within a single species. Chargaff discovered that the amount of adenine is about equal to the amount of thymine. Which of these explains why the ratio of adenine to thymine is nearly 1:1? a. Adenine and thymine pair with each other. b. Adenine binds with phosphates, while thymine binds with nitrates. c. Adenine and thymine are identical in chemical composition. d. Adenine bases contain a form of thymine. Question 6

39. “Cytosine—guanine—thymine—guanine” describes — a. nucleotides within an RNA strand b. a sequence of bases within a DNA section points of DNA separation during protein synthesis d. tRNAcodons for specific amino acids Question 7

40. Notes: “Replication” • Replication • An exact copy of the DNA is made • Takes place in the nucleus

41. Notes “Steps of Replication” 1. DNA unwinds and the two strands separate. 2. DNA polymerase (an enzyme) adds the complementary base pairs to each side. 3. Result: two identical molecules of DNA, each with one new and one old strand of DNA

42. DNA molecules separate into single strands, which are then used to construct two identical strands of DNA. This process ensures that the — a. cytoplasm is in equilibrium b. mitochondria are genetically identical to the chloroplasts c. parent cells use little ATP daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cells Question 8

43. BIO(6): The student knows that the structures and functions of nucleic acids in the mechanisms of genetics. The student is expected to: (B) Explain replication, transcription, and translation using models of DNA and RNA. Replication, Transcription, Translation

44. DNA Replication Notes “Replication” - • DNA synthesis • DNA→ DNA • Occurs in the nucleus • DNA double helix unwinds; separates at hydrogen bond between base pairs • DNA polymerase adds base pairs to both strands • Adenine complements Thymine • Guanine complements Cytosine • Two “New” DNA molecules formed– one strand original, one strand new

45. DNA passes information to new DNA during the process of — replication b. transcription c. translation d. osmosis Question 1

46. Which of the following must occur before DNA replication can take place? a. Translation of DNA into amino acids b. Separation of the DNA molecule into codons c. Transformation of DNA into RNA d. Separation of the DNA double helix Question 2

47. Question 3 Part of a DNA strand is represented in the diagram shown. In order for DNA to replicate, the strand must separate at which of the following locations? a. Between every phosphate-sugar pair b. Between the eight sugar-base pairs c. Between the four nitrogenous base pairs d. Between any two chemical bonds

48. If the template of a strand of DNA is 5' TCTACGTAG 3', the complementary strand will be — a. 3' TCTACGTAG 5' b. 5' CTACGTAGA 3' c. 3' AGATGCATC 5' d. 5' AGACGTCTA 3' Question 4

49. Transcription Notes “Transcription” - • RNA synthesis • DNA→ RNA • Occurs in the nucleus • Adenine from DNA complements Uracilin RNA • Thymine from DNA complements Adenine in RNA • Guanine from DNA complements Cytosine in RNA • Cytosine from DNA complements Guanine in RNA

50. DNA passes information to RNA during the process of — a. replication b. transcription c. translation d. osmosis Question 5