HEMATOLOGY UNIT-G

1. HEMATOLOGYUNIT-G

2. 1H07.01 Explain the structure of the blood. 1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood 1H07.03 Discuss characteristics and treatments of common blood disorders

3. 1H07.01 Explain the structure of the blood.

4. Composition The average adult contains 8-10 pints of blood, which is composed of • Plasma • Liquid portion of blood without cellular components. • Serum • Plasma after a blood clot is formed • Cellular Components • Red & White blood cells, platelets

5. Plasma A straw colored fluid That contains: • Water • Blood Proteins • Nutrients • Etc..

6. Erythrocytes (Red blood Cells) Shape- Biconcave discs, donut shaped. Hemoglobin- Gives red color, heme is iron and globin is protein. Arterial blood is bright red = lots of oxygen. Venous blood is dark crimson = lots of CO2.

7. May be grandular, agranular, translucent or ameboid. Larger than erythrocytes Types of white cells Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Leucocytes

8. Platelets Make the blood clot Smallest solid components of blood Not cells – fragments of megakaryocytes Thrombocytes

9. 1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood.

10. 1. Transport oxygen, nutrients, cellular waste products and hormones. 2. Aids in distribution of heat. 3. Regulates acid-base balance 4. Helps protect against infection Four Main Functions of Blood

11. Liquid part of blood Plasma proteins Fibrinogen – blood clotting Albumin – osmotic pressure and volume Prothrombin – helps blood coagulate, production dependent on Vitamin K. 4. Reduction of Heparin Plasma

12. Contain hemoglobin Erythrocytes

13. Erythrocytes • Contains hemoglobin • Red blood cells (erythrocytes) travel through the lungs where O2 is carried to tissues and released CO2 picked up and carried back to lungs for exchange • Arterial blood • Lots of oxygen • Bright red • Venous blood • Lots of CO2 • Dark crimson

14. Manufacture of red blood cells. Occurs in bone marrow Red cells live 120 days Old cells are broken down by the spleen and liver Hemolysis Rupture or bursting of erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease. Erythropoiesis

15. Leukocytes (white blood cells) • Fights Infection • Phagatosis-Process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria • Performed by phagocytes • Basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

16. When white cells move through capillary wall into neighboring tissue Diapedesis

17. They produce heparin. An anticoagulant- delay, or prevent clots (masses of blood cells) from forming in the bloodstream. Basophils

18. a. Body’s reaction to chemical and physical trauma b. Pathogenic – disease producing microorganisms that can cause infection c. Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain d. Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema) Inflammation

19. Inflammation

20. Smallest of solid components of blood Synthesized in red marrow Not cells Fragments of megakaryocytes Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process Thrombocytes (Platelets)

22. 1. Cut or injury causes to break/clump Chain reaction follows and involves the release of thromboplastin, prothrombin, thrombin and fibrinogen Fibrin creates a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma, creating a blood clot. Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting. Heparin is an anticoagulant Coagulation

23. Blood Types O AB A B • BLOOD TYPES • Four major types of blood – A, B, AB, & O • Inherited from parents • Determined by presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red blood cell • ANTIBODY – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body • Someone with type A blood has B antibodies. • Someone with type B blood has A antibodies. • Someone with type AB blood has NO antibodies. • Someone with type O blood has A & B antibodies. • UNIVERSAL DONOR – Blood Type O • UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT – Blood Type AB

28. Blood Types-Rh Factor • ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS

29. Blood Compatibility

30. 1H07.03 Discuss characteristics and treatment of common blood disorders.

31. Inflammation • Pus • Abscess 3. Pyrexia 4. Leukocytosis 5. Edema

32. B. Leukopenia – decrease in WBCs

33. ANEMIA Deficiency in number or % of red blood cells • IRON-DEFICENCY ANEMIA Usually in women, children and adolescent. Deficiency of iron in the diet causing in sufficient hemoglobin synthesis. Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy vegetables • APLASTIC ANEMIA Bone marrow does not produce enough red & white blood cells. Caused by drugs or radiation therapy

34. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA • Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents. 2. Causes the red cells to form In abnormal sickle shape. 3. Sickle cells break easily & carry less Oxygen. 4. Occurs primarily in blacks Treatment – blood transfusions

35. Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. That is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage Also known as a “moving blood clot” EMBOLISM

36. The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel The blood clot is a THROMBUS THROMBOSIS

37. May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude D. Polycythemia – too many RBCs

38. HEMATOMA • Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space • Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture

39. Not enough platelets Blood will not clot properly THROMBOCYTOPENIA

40. Hereditary Missing clotting factor Blood clots slow or abnormally Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mother to sons. Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma. Child on the lower right, was given an intramuscular injection & this was the result. HEMOPHILIA

41. Malignant condition Overproduction of immature white blood cells Hinders synthesis of red cells Research on cord blood LEUKEMIA

42. Presence of pathogens or toxins in the blood SEPTICEMIA

43. Does this look Familiar?