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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. Animal Growth. Importance of Animal Growth. Provides earnings for animal producers Producers earn their livings by: Managing animals efficiently Maximizing growth Minimizing cost. Factors in Animal Growth. Heredity Nutrition Environment. Growth Process.

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12 Animal Growth

  2. Importance of Animal Growth • Provides earnings for animal producers • Producers earn their livings by: • Managing animals efficiently • Maximizing growth • Minimizing cost

  3. Factors in Animal Growth • Heredity • Nutrition • Environment

  4. Growth Process • Size increases due to: • Hypertrophy: Cell size increase • Hyperplasia: Cell number increase • Growth occurs in two major phases • Prenatal • Postnatal

  5. Stages of Prenatal Growth • Ovum • Embryonic • Fetal

  6. Ovum Stage • Fertilized egg divides • Cells form ball-shaped morula • Cells group to form blastula (mass with hollow, fluid-filled cavity)

  7. Embryonic Stage • Blastula undergoes differentiation • Ectoderm • Mesoderm • Endoderm • Layers become organs through morphogenesis • Embryo attaches to uterus

  8. Fetal Stage • Organs fully develop • Organ cells undergo mitosis • Fetus is expelled during birth • Oxytocin forces fetus out • Contractions forces fluid from lungs • Ground contact starts organ functioning

  9. Postnatal Stage • Growth is slow as organs develop • Then rapid to sexual maturity • Muscle • Bone • Fat deposits in strategic locations • Abdominal cavity • Between muscles, under skin

  10. Growth Control System • Glands in endocrine system release hormones • Pituitary • Thyroid • Testicles or ovaries • Adrenal glands • Artificial hormones aid in growth

  11. Physiological Age • Maturity: Nutrients for fat, not growth • Aging begins • Physiologic: Bone solidification • Chronologic: Age in years • Physical characteristics change • Reproductive system slows • Nervous system disintegrates

  12. Summary • Many factors control animal growth • Agriculturists try to understand factors to produce efficiently • More efficient animals are more economical • Consumers enjoy lower-cost products

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