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Westward Expansion

Westward Expansion. Great Plains. Vast grasslands between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains Before 1850 it was home to 10 million Native Americans and 60 million buffalo. 1. Great Plains. Great Plains. Factors.

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Westward Expansion

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  1. Westward Expansion

  2. Great Plains • Vast grasslands between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains • Before 1850 it was home to 10 million Native Americans and 60 million buffalo 1

  3. Great Plains

  4. Great Plains

  5. Factors Conditions that pushed people to move away from their homeland to a different region continued 2

  6. Push Factors • Thousands of people were displaced (homeless) after the Civil War. • Land in the East was increasingly expensive. • When a business failed, owners headed to a new location to try again. • Some religious groups were seeking escape from persecution (e.g. Mormons) • Outlaws on the run 2

  7. Pull Factors Conditions that pulled or attracted people to move elsewhere by their own choice 3 continued

  8. Pull Factors • Government Incentives - Free land grants from the government • Private Property - Laws were passed to make property rights enforceable and transferable. Land was measured, recorded, and deeded. Cattle were branded. • Greed - Profit in new markets or mining precious metals 3

  9. Pacific Railway Acts (1862/64) • The government gave RR’s 10 square miles of land on either side of the tracks. • RR’s received over 175 million acres. • RR’s sold much of this land to new settlers at a large profit. 4

  10. Morrill Land-Grant Act (1862) • The federal government gave state governments millions of acres of western lands. • The states could sell this land to the public to raise money to start colleges that specialized in agriculture and mechanical arts. 5

  11. Land Speculators People who buy land at a low price, hoping to sell it later for a profit 6

  12. Homestead Act (1862) • The federal government offered 160 acres of western land for $10 if these conditions were met: • Must be at least 21 years old or the head of a household 7 continued

  13. Homestead Act • Must be an American citizen or filing for citizenship • Must build a house at least 12’x14’ on their property • Must live in it for at least 6 months a year • Must farm the land for at least 5 years 7

  14. Indians of the Great Plains

  15. Indian Removal Policy Beginning in the 1820s, Native Americans were forced off their lands to reservations in different parts of the country, usually in Indian Territory (Oklahoma) to open up land for white settlement. 8

  16. Reservations • Federal land set aside for Native American use • They were often restricted to the reservations by treaties the Indians did not fully understand 9

  17. B. I. A. • Bureau of Indian Affairs • Part of the U. S. Department of the Interior • Managed delivery of supplies to reservations • Often corrupt 10

  18. Sand Creek Massacre 11

  19. Sand Creek Massacre - 1864 • Cheyenne and Arapaho occupied the central plains in Colorado Territory • Chief Black Kettle wanted peace • The governor promised to protect the Indians and told them to camp at Sand Creek 11 continued

  20. Chief Black Kettle

  21. Sand Creek Massacre - 1864 • 700 soldiers then attacked the camp • About 150 women and children were slaughtered and mutilated • Most Cheyenne moved to the reservation the next year 11

  22. Sand Creek Massacre Memorial originally placed at wrong site

  23. True site of Sand Creek Massacre discovered in 2001 and dedicated in 2007

  24. True site of Sand Creek Massacre discovered in 2000 and dedicated in 2007

  25. Painting: Sand Creek Phantoms

  26. Battle of Little Bighorn • Lakota Tribe - called Sioux by Americans - lived in Northern plains - Dakota, Wyoming, Montana. Hunted in the Bighorn Mountains. • 1865 - U.S. Government built a road called the Bozeman Trail through this land. • 1866 - Chief Red Cloud fought against this for 2 years 12 continued

  27. Battle of Little Bighorn • 1868 - Treaty of Fort Laramie - U.S. abandoned the trail and forts but created the Sioux Reservation in South Dakota which included the sacred Black Hills • 1874 - Col. George A. Custer reported gold in the Black Hills. Government offered to buy the Black Hills. 12 continued

  28. The Black Hills

  29. The Black Hills

  30. Battle of Little Bighorn • Chief Red Cloud tried to negotiate • Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse refused and led rebels off the reservation • June 1876 - General Custer led 250 men of the 7th Cavalry to round up the rebel Indians 12 continued

  31. Chief Sitting Bull

  32. Chief Crazy Horse

  33. General George A. Custer

  34. Custer’s Expedition to Bighorn

  35. Battle of Little Bighorn • 2000 Sioux killed the entire 7th Cavalry within one hour at the Bighorn River in Montana • Sitting Bull escaped to Canada • Crazy Horse surrendered and was stabbed in the back. He was 34 years old. 12

  36. Crazy Horse Memorial in South Dakota Begun in 1993

  37. Unfinished Crazy Horse Monument Projected completion date: 2018

  38. Custer’s Last Stand

  39. The Ghost Dance • Purification ritual performed by many plains tribes • Believed the ritual would restore their traditional way of life continued 13

  40. The Ghost Dance • Dancers formed a circle, joined hands, and danced around a sacred tree. • Sometimes they danced for days until they fell “dead” and saw visions of their dead ancestors. continued 13

  41. The Ghost Dance Dancers wore a “Ghost Shirt” - a sacred costume made of white cotton painted with symbols. 13 continued

  42. The Ghost Dance Lakota believed the shirt protected them from the white man’s bullets. 13

  43. A Ghost Shirt

  44. The Ghost Dance as described by a Lakota Sioux witness “ They danced without rest, on and on . . . Occasionally someone thoroughly exhausted and dizzy fell unconscious into the center and lay there “dead” . . . After a while, many lay about in that condition. They were now “dead” and seeing their dear ones . . . The visions . . . ended the same way, like a chorus describing a great encampment of all the Dakotas who had ever died,

  45. The Ghost Dance as described by a Lakota Sioux witness where . . . there was no sorrow but only joy, where relatives thronged out with happy laughter. . . The people went on and on and could not stop, day or night, hoping . . . to get a vision of their own dead. . . And so I suppose the authorities did think they were crazy – but they were not. They were only terribly unhappy.”

  46. The Ghost Dance

  47. The Ghost Dance

  48. Wounded Knee Massacre 1890 Sitting Bull now back on the South Dakota Reservation encouraged the Lakota Sioux to practice the Ghost Dance ritual. The ritual frightened whites who thought the Indians were preparing for war. continued 14

  49. Wounded Knee Massacre • The 7th Cavalry was sent to arrest Sitting Bull. They shot and killed him. • His followers - 120 men and 230 women and children - were rounded up at a creek called Wounded Knee. • As the Indians were being disarmed, someone fired a shot. Soldiers began firing and killed over 200 Lakota. 14

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