Plant Kingdom Overview: Characteristics, Photosynthesis, & Respiration

1. PLANT KINGDOM

2. Characteristics of Plants • Photosynthesis • Takes place within the chloroplast of the plant cell which contain the green pigment chlorophyll • Plants are considered to be a producer or autotroph because can make their own food

3. Photosynthesis Equation: Carbon Dioxide + Water + sunlight Oxygen + Glucose Cellular Respiration: Oxygen + Glucose Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

4. Cuticle - waxy layer that coats most of the surfaces of plants • keeps plants from dryingout • protects evergreen needles from the cold temperatures in the winter.

5. Cellwall-surround the plant cell to keep plants upright • Carbohydrates (cellulose) and proteins make up the hard material • Support and protect the plant

6. 1. Roots • Supply plants with water and dissolved minerals from the soil • Holds the plants securely in the soil

7. 2. Stems a. Support the plant body -leaves are arranged to get sunlight for photosynthesis -hold up flowers, which help pollinators b. Some store materials

8. c. Transport materials between the root system (system below the ground)and the shoot system (system above the ground) • Xylem transports water and minerals through the plant • Phloem transports food(glucose) molecules to all parts of a plant

9. Function of Leaves • Make food for the plant. • Chloroplasts capture energy from the sunlight and make it into glucose through photosynthesis

10. Structure of a Leaf • Stomata– tiny openings in the epidermis that let carbon dioxide enter the leaves • Guard Cells– open and close the stomata • Most photosynthesis takes place in the palisade layer

11. Photosynthesis • The process by which plants make their own food (glucose)

12. Capturing Light Energy • Chloroplast -organelles in which photosynthesis takes place • Chlorophyll - is the green pigment

13. Photosynthesis: Making Sugar (glucose) Energy from the sun • Carbon Dioxide + Water Oxygen + Glucose Cellular Respiration: The process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food. • Oxygen + Glucose Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

14. Gas Exchange: • Plant surfaces are covered by a waxy cuticle • Cuticle protects the plant from water loss • Stoma-openings in the leaf’s epidermis • Stoma are surrounded by guard cells • Transpiration: loss of water from leaves When light is available for photosynthesis, the stomata are usually open. At nighttime, the stomata close to conserve water.

15. Importance of Photosynthesis • Plants and other photosynthetic organisms form the base of nearly all food chains • Rely on cellular respiration to get energy • Cellular respiration requires oxygen

16. Advantage of Seeds • Young plant is able to use the stored food • Can be spread more efficiently by animals

17. Flower Parts • Sepals – modified leaves that make up the outermost ring of the flower and protect the bud.

18. 2. Petals – one of the ring or rings of the usually brightly colored, leaf-shaped parts of a flower. -attract insects or other animals to the flower.

19. 3. Stamen - male reproductive structures of the flower *Filament *Anther – produce pollen

20. 4. Pistil - female reproductive structures -usually found in the center of the flower -stigma-tip of the pistil, where pollen collects -style-long, slender part of the pistil -ovary-produces eggs in ovule

21. Classification • 1. Nonvascular Plants - lackspecialized conducting tissues and true roots, stems, and leaves Examples:Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

22. 2. Seedless Vascular Plants • Examples: Ferns, horsetails, club mosses

23. 3. Vascular Plants, WITH seeds, nonflowering • Gymnosperms - a woody vascular seed plant whose seeds are not enclosed by an ovary or fruit • Examples: Pine Trees

24. 4. Vascular Plants WITH seeds, flowering • Angiosperms- a flowering plant that produces seeds within a fruit • Examples: Lily, rose, apple tree

25. ANGIOSPERMS Vascular Plants with seeds and with flowers Characteristics: • Produce flowers and fruits • Most abundant plants today (90%) • Flowers help angiosperms reproduce • Flowers attract animals (insects) • Fruits surround and protect seeds

26. Importance • Provide many land animals with food • Major food crops for people, for example corn, wheat, rice • Used for buildingmaterials, furniture, make clothing and rope • Flowering plants are also used to make medicines (from all parts – the roots, leaves and flowers) , rubber, and perfume oils

27. CLASSES: • Monocots • Dicots

28. MONOCOT • Cotyledon – one • Vascular arrangement – scattered • Leaf veins – parallel • Flower parts – multiples of 3 • Roots – fibrous • Examples – grass, orchids, onion, lilies

29. Dicot • Cotyledon – two • Vascular arrangement – ring • Leaf veins – branching • Flower parts – multiples of 4 or 5 • Roots – taproot • Examples – rose, cactus, sunflower, peanuts, peas

31. Reproduction of Flowering Plants • Pollination happens when pollen is moved from anthers to stigma • Usually wind or animals move pollen • After fertilization the ovuledevelops into the seed. • The ovary surrounding the ovule becomes the fruit. • When seeds aredormant, they are inactive. They are dormant when the conditions in the environment are unfavorable. For example too cold or too dry. • Germination = sprouting

34. Responses to the Environment • Tropism – growth in response to a stimulus • Phototropism – change in the direction a plant grows that is caused by light. • Gravitropism – change in the direction a plant grows in response to gravity. • Hydrotropism –change in the direction a plant grows that is caused by water.

35. Leaf Loss • Evergreentrees: shed their leaves year-round a little at a time so that some leaves are always on the tree. • Examples: Pine Trees • Deciduoustrees: lose all of their leaves around the same time each year. • Examples: Apple Trees