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Morphology II

Morphology II. Linguistics 101 Gareth Price Duke University. Derivational vs Inflectional Morphemes. ‘derive’ – make something from = make new word c hange syntactic category (sometimes) Eg . Verb – noun change meaning ‘inflect’ – inflectere c hange shape (of a completed word)

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Morphology II

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  1. Morphology II Linguistics 101 Gareth Price Duke University

  2. Derivational vs Inflectional Morphemes ‘derive’ – make something from = make new word change syntactic category (sometimes) Eg. Verb – noun change meaning ‘inflect’ – inflectere change shape (of a completed word) change grammatical function but not syntactic category (and not ‘meaning’ per se) number/person / gender tense / comparative / superlative

  3. Which are derivational morphemes in this list? • plinkling • grimoulously • klints • twongier • pendy • thrustling • stangliness • centomer • splimly • centome • stribble • plinkleable • decentome • plinkler • stribbling • klintish • liggeted • pendierr • pentful • glosselstrop • thrustle • stromp • grimulous • acturously • ponymous • brimney • stang • parples • stribbled • klint • unplinkleableness • twength • parple • sloke • pendiest • fustered • twong • restribble • sloken • klintly • acturous • stangs • strissed • twongest • liggets

  4. Derivation • Plinkle • Plinkler • Plinkeable • Unplinkleable • Unplinkleableness

  5. Inflection in Paku: Rules? • me "I" meni "we" • ye "you(singular)" yeni"you(plural)" • we "he" weni"they” (masculine) • wa "she" • wani"they” (feminine) • abuma "girl" abumani "girls" • adusa "boy" adusani"boys" • abu "child" abuni"children"

  6. Roots, Stems and Affixes • Root + affix = complex word • Black + en = blacken (root + suffix) • adjective + suffix = verb • blacken + ed = blackened • verb + suffix = past tense verb • black = root and stem for blacken • black = root & blacken = stem for blackened • unblackened = prefix + root + suffix + suffix • but ... unhappiness? • un + happy + ness? • un + knowledge? / un + ability?

  7. Constraints on Derivation • Untruthfulness  *untruthsfulness • Untruthfullnesses •  derivational morphemes appear before inflectional morphemes in English • Free Root  Morpheme: dog, phone, take, etc. • Bound Root  Morpheme: deceive, unkempt, discover, under, nonchalant, etc. •  reason? Usually some kind of historical linguistic accident ...

  8. Constraints on Derivation • indecisive or imdecisive? • inordinate or imordinate? • inpossible or impossible? •  reason? Phonological rules of English (and the principal of efficiency) • Legalise / lawful-ise • Finalise / *permanent-ise •  reason? Derivational morphemes have restricted distribution for reasons we don’t really understand.

  9. Infixes • Tagalog: • takbuh ‘run’ – t-um-akbuh ‘ran’ • lakad ‘walk’ – l-um-akad ‘walked’ • Insertion of an affix within a base: • ... in this case before the first vowel.

  10. Infixes • Arabic: • katab ‘write’ • kutib‘have been written’ • aktub‘be writing’ • uktab‘being written’ • Insertion of two vowels sounds among the three consonants which comprise the root

  11. Circumfixes • Bound morphemes that are attached to a root or stem morpheme both initially and finally.  • Example: chokma“(he is) good"   ikchokm o "he isn’t good"                                        (Chickasaw Language) • So ik + adjective + o = negation

  12. Internal Change • Internal Change • Changes in an internal non-morphemic segment to illustrate grammatical contrast. • sing – sang – sung • sink – sank – sunk • foot – feet • goose – geese • In English, there is a vowel change (ablaut) to mark past tense. • Not the same as umlaut: ‘fronting’ of vowel in response to front vowel in following syllable • go:s go:iz  gi:iz  gi:s • Not infixing, however, as not changing the base *gs or *sngor *ft • no such morpheme as ‘oo’/‘ee’ or ‘i’/‘a’

  13. Suppletion • Can be completely different morph (sound): • French: avoir ‘to have’  eu ‘had’ • Spanish: ir ‘to go’  fue ‘(he) went’ • German: ist ‘is’  sind ‘are’ • English: to be/is/are/we/were / to go/went • Note: not allomorph, as not changed due to phonological environment, but grammatical category

  14. Suppletion or Internal Change? • But ... think / thought seek / sought catch / caught • Probably extreme forms of internal change – sometimes called partial suppletion

  15. Reduplication • Indonesian (full) • Orang – man • Orang-orang – all sorts of men • Anak – child • Manga – mango • Etc. • Tagalog (partial): • Bili – buy • Bibili – (will) buy

  16. Compounding • Putting together whole lexemes (words) to form new • Green + house = greenhouse • Bat + man = batman • German • fern-seher = far seer = ‘television’ • Finnish • lammas-nahka-turkki = sheep skin coat • Tagalog • tanodbayan = guard town = ‘policeman’ • tubigulan = ‘water rain’ = ‘rain water#

  17. Hwk: Isolating vs Synthetic • Isolating • Synthetic • polysynthetic • fusional • Agglutinative Find an example for each, and describe why it is that category. Also list some examples of morphemes in that languages, and describe the rules, and explain whether there is inflectional or derivational morphology in your examples/

  18. Hwk II • Ex 2 – 5 p.176/7 • Ex 21 p.181 • Ex 29 p.183 • Ex 41 p.189

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