Goal and Function-Based Design, and Maintenance and Monitoring

1. Goal and Function-Based Design, and Maintenance and Monitoring

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: • Utilizing this lecture, the course FTP manual, and other references, the student will be able to: • Understand the importance of, and how to formulate performance and function-based goals specifically designed to enhance long-term project performance • Understand the connection between goal formulation and monitoring • Explore available avenues for technical assistance (WOTS, DOTS, WRAP, etc. and other available workshops & classes • Articulate the importance and functions of monitoring and maintenance • Articulate how streams naturally dissipate energy

3. USACE 7 Revised Environmental Operating Principles (EOP): •  Foster sustainability as a way of life throughout the organization. •  Proactively consider environmental consequences of all Corps activities & act accordingly. •  Create mutually supporting economic & environmental solutions. •  Continue to meet our corporate responsibility & accountability under the law for activities undertaken by the Corps, which may impact human & natural environments. •  Consider the environment in employing a risk management & systems approach throughout the life cycles of projects & programs. •  Leverage scientific, economic, & social knowledge to understand the environmental context & effects of Corps actions in a collaborative manner. •  Employ an open, transparent process that respects views of individuals & groups interested in Corps activities.

4. THE JOY OF INVENTION !!When you create you get a little endorphin rush. Why do you think Einstein looked like that?" Robin Williams “Incomprehensible jargon is the hallmark of a profession” Kingman Brewster, Jr., 1919 - 1988

5. We Are Currently in the Middle of the Age of Discovery(Many Techniques Newly Developed Or RediscoveredOver A Relatively Short Period Of Time) And Just Entering into the Age of Enlightenment (biological and design criteria incomplete and/or under development) Things Required to Complete Any Task: 1. Time 2. Energy 3. Tools 4. Knowledge (data, experience, common sense) "Form follows function - that has been misunderstood. Form and function must be one, joined in a spiritual union.“ - Frank Lloyd Wright - “You can’t meet enough good people or learn enough in one lifetime” -Paul Fuhrmann, biologist with Ecology & Environment- Ways to gain knowledge: Read all you can, SUBSCRIBE TO FREE MAGAZINES {Road & Bridge, Landscape Architect & Specifier News, etc) take classes and attend workshops and conferences, hang out with smart people (listen and ask questions), walk as many streams as possible, keenly observe nature, and when touring a completed project ask a member of the design team what they would do differently.

6. CLASS GOALS • One of my goals is to have YOU say“I will never look at a stream the same again” • Using the conceptual thought process, let’s break down complex problems into manageable units, & think the problem through to a goal-based solution. • Your job is to think about what I (and other teachers in other classes) teach and decide whether it applies to either your situation, or situations you might encounter in the future And my daughter, Dana Derrick (age 17) says “You have to have that brain thing going on.” Actually she was talking about our basset Cleophus figuring out how to climb up on the bed, but hey, it applies here too!! THINKING HARD HERE!

7. And rivers meander too, these are natural river functions If you can, let your river be a river!! Let it breathe and have some freedom!

8. First Law of River Engineering: Complex Problems Often Have Simple, Easy-to-Understand WRONG ANSWERS Let’s straighten this stream just like Grandad did, that worked for the last 50 years, & get that gravel for the driveway too!!!

9. STEPS IN A PROJECT • Initiate • Plan & develop goals • Gather data & analyze • Conceptually develop how water should flow through the project • Develop conceptual designs • Analyze and develop the final design (P&S) • Construction & Inspection: Original design team members should be involved in construction oversight • Monitoring

10. Need To Propose & Refine Project Goals during the Planning Phase The project goals should clearly define the intent and requirements of the project, specify measurable objectives (range of acceptable DO levels for instance), set parameters for project performance, assist with the design of a long-term monitoring plan, and assist with analysis of long-term project effectiveness. Both short and long range goals should be set and can include: • Project justification (why built, benefits, drawbacks). • What the project will do (expected performance, safety, accessibility, multiple uses). • What physical parameters of the stream (or surrounding area) will be affected (slope, sinuosity, thalweg location, substrate type and size, bank shapes, cross-sectional area, riparian corridor effects, etc.)? • Impacts to the environment (construction impacts, WQ, terrestrial and aquatic habitats (improve, degrade), long term effects (reduction in diversity of habitat, etc.), ways that possible adverse effects can be mitigated). • What the project will not do (vertical stability or possible adverse effects downstream not addressed, etc.). • Estimated project life, and the amounts of monitoring and maintenance needed to ensure a productive project life. • GOALS WILL GUIDE FLOW VISULIZATION, STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES USED,AND MONITORING ANALYSIS REQUIRED

11. GOAL: a broad statement that reflects a desired outcomeOBJECTIVES: are specific statements that state GOALS in measurable termsPERFORMANCE CRITERIA: values, or a range of values used to evaluate the functional performance of a project

12. Scope & Goals are defined 5.1 Background Investigations Geology & Geomorphology / Ecology Sediment Characteristics / Hydrology Channel Forming Discharge / History Methods for Assessing Channel Stability 5.2 Field Investigations Qualitative Observations Channel Geometry Surveys Biota Surveys / Bed and Bank Materials 5.3 Computational Methods for Channel Design From Dr. Chester Watson Integrate with Preliminary Design

13. Considerations – A Balancing Act • Topography, Soils, Geology • Wastewater & Urban Flow • Flood Discharge • Subsurface Flow • Sediment Transport • Hydraulic Equilibrium • Water Quality • Slope Aspect • Alignment • Vegetation • Wildlife Protection • Variable Conditions • Ownership & Access • Impacted Areas • Design / Permitting • Visual Impact • Recreational Needs • Implementation Cost • Maintenance Cost • Funding/ Politics • Constructability • Maintainability • Risk • Public Perception Purloined from Gerry Hester, Southern Nevada Water Authority

14. Stabilizing a stream is sometimes kind of like grabbing a snake in the middle!

15. Luxuries We Like To Have • The “Luxury of Space” • The “Luxury of Time” (nature strengthens the project over time) • The “Luxury of Monitoring” • The “Luxury of Adaptive Management” Think conceptually regarding functions, use Derrick’s “LAW OF EXTREMES” to understand how things work. Example-ditch narrow & deep, or 5 ft wide & 1 inch deep

16. The First Site Visit • Is always the most important site recon. • The best decisions are usually made in the field during the first site visit. • All project shareholders, interested persons, and agency personnel who will comment on the permit should be present. Experienced personnel should be involved. THINK INCLUSIONARY, NOT EXCLUSIONARY!!!! • One facilitator (without an agenda) should EXTRACT goals (both long and short term) and knowledge from the group. Understanding and hopefully compromises should be reached on conflicting goals. • Existing flow and erosion processes should be analyzed. How water needs to flow through the project (related to project goals) and what functions need to be restored, should be discussed in a conceptual manner. • Conceptual designs should be formulated so as to make water behave as required (what structures/plantings are needed?) • The effects of the proposed project on the stream and riparian area should be analyzed (near field, far field, upstream and downstream). Future changes in the stream system and their effects on long-term project performance should be examined.

17. Last Law of River Engineering: When in over your head, go get help! Dr. Biedenharn says that at the end of this workshop, “the class participants should have a higher level of confusion, similar to the level of confusion currently experienced by the instructor(s)”! IF ANYONE SAYS THEY HAVE ALL OF THE ANSWERS, THEY DON’T!!!

18. PROJECT MANAGEMENT NO SURPRISES!! *NO DRAMA! *NO BACKING UP!!

19. PERMITS - get regulatory involved early • First thought from regulatory ….. Avoidance & minimalization…. • List all alternatives – not just your best plan. Show how U have minimized already. • Regulatory folks are 99% biologists, emphasize the effects of the project on the planet. Hint: roughness = habitat… • Regulatory wants it done correctly, once!!

20. Never be something that you are not!!

21. Teamwork is key!! THINK INCLUSIONARY NOT EXCLUSIONARY

22. Results of Monitoring • Determines if project goals were accomplished • Detects the need for maintenance or repair in a timely fashion. • Provides a basis for designing repairs, if needed. • Detects changes in stream characteristics. • Provides valuable insight into stream behavior, & long-term performance and effects of stabilization works • After appropriate analysis, design criteria for future stabilization works can be improved. From Charlie Elliott

23. Levels Of Monitoring Effort Level 1: Visual observation of the site with written report. Level 2: All activities performed during a Level 1 monitoring effort plus a permanent photographic and\or videotape record of the project area. Photos should be shot from fixed and marked locations (GPS). Level 3: A Level 2 effort plus some physical measurements of the site (possibly using the typical low-flow water surface elevation as a datum). Level 4: Level 3 effort plus a comprehensive survey of the stream. Level 5: "The Whole Tamale". Level 4 monitoring effort plus any additional data deemed relevant, including, but not limited to: sediment size and gradation; water quality; roughness and conveyance analysis; fish habitat and biomass analysis; etc. NOTE: Monitoring should also take into account the pre-project history of the site and whether project goals and functions were achieved. Some members of the original design team should be on the monitoring team.

24. Maintenance Considerations • Even properly designed works require some maintenance eventually. • The ability of the designated agency to perform maintenance needs to be assessed during the design phase. Why is Maintenance Required? • Was damage due to conditions that are not expected to recur? • Was the original design criteria not conservative enough? • Is the method itself at fault?

25. Aftercare You will never get everything correct the first time around • If you do it was a miracle • Or you are the luckiest person on the planet • Or it has not rained yet • Or the project is overbuilt • All projects should take two years to construct. Build it, monitor over the first year, then repair & apply adaptive management as required (based on project goals), then monitor some more.

26. TOP 6 REASONS THAT I SEE STREAM PROJECTS FAIL • Inadequate keys!!! Not vegged & do not go far enough up the hill • Project goals and functions not thoroughly thought out • Start and end points wrong (project did not go far enough upstream or downstream, or both) • Scour at the toe, or foundation failure of foundation –dependant stabilization methods • Inappropriate use of redirective methods • Folks simply did not understand where water was going and what was guiding it. YOU HAVE TO THINK LIKE WATER AND SEE WHAT WATER SEES!!!

27. Classes on Bioengineering& Riparian • Streambank Erosion/Protection, No. 285 • POC Dave Derrick, 601-634-2651 • Advanced Streambank Protection, No. 394 • POC Dave Derrick, 601-634-2651 • Riparian Zone Ecology, Restoration, and Management, No. 281 • POC Richard Fischer, 601-634-3983

28. Technical Assistance – Help !!! • Technical assistance programs: • WOTS - Water Operations Technical Support, Patrick.N.Deliman@US.ARMY.MIL 601-634-3623 • DOTS - Dredging Operations Technical Support, Cynthia.J.Banks@US.ARMY.MIL 601-634-3820 • WRAP - Wetland Regulatory Assistance Program, SALLY.L.YOST@US.ARMY.MIL 601-634-3622

29. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: • Utilizing this lecture, the course FTP manual, and other references, the student will be able to: • Understand the importance of, and how to formulate performance and function-based goals specifically designed to enhance long-term project performance • Understand the connection between goal formulation and monitoring • Explore available avenues for technical assistance (WOTS, DOTS, WRAP, etc. and other available workshops & classes • Articulate the importance and functions of monitoring and maintenance • Articulate how streams naturally dissipate energy

30. TIME FOR QUESTIONS RememberWE all live down-stream !!