Unit 8 Leading the Way: People Influence Community

1. Unit 8Leading the Way: People Influence Community

2. James A. Lovell He is from the great state of Ohio. Before he became one of America’s heroes, he was a member of the Eagle Scouts. In December of 1968, he and his crew were the first men to travel to the moon. He the command module pilot of the Apollo 8. Was the brave commander of the Apollo 13.

3. Ellen Ochoa Is from California. She is the first Hispanic woman to go into space on the space shuttle Discovery in 1993.

4. Christopher Columbus The explorer Christopher Columbus made four trips across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain: in 1492, 1493, 1498 and 1502. He was in search of a water route west from Europe to Asia, but he never did. Instead, he accidentally stumbled upon the Americas. Though he did not really “discover” the New World--millions of people already lived there--his journeys marked the beginning of centuries of trans-Atlantic conquest and colonization.

5. James Lovell, Ellen Ochoa, and Christopher Columbus all influenced communities in America. • Explain how these three people, though different, made similar contributions to the success of America today. • What do they all have in common?

6. Jonas Salk Was born in New York City. His parents were Jewish-Russian immigrants. His parent were not educated and vowed that their children would get an education. Jonas was the first child to go to college. He started his college career at the City College of New York. He was on the road to becoming a lawyer when he decided that his true passion was medical science. So began his training at the medical school of the New York University. While there he was invited to spend a year researching influenza. That is the virus that causes the flu. Once Jonas completed medical school, WWII was beginning and many people were in fear that the flu would kill millions, so he was involved in the vaccine against the flu, which saved millions of people. In 1947, Dr. Jonas Salk, started working at the National Foundation of Paralysis. He spent eight year developing a vaccine that would stop polio. The Polio Virus vaccine was introduced to the public in April of 1955. Salk is hailed as a miracle worker. In 1963, Salk founded Jonas Salk Institute for Biological Studies. It is a center for medical and scientific research.

7. Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur was born in Dole France. He was married to a woman by the name of Marie. They had five children. Louis Pasteur was determined to save people from disease, after three of his five children died from Typhoid Fever. He graduated in 1842 from Besancon College Royal de la Franche. He then attended EcoleNormale to study physics and chemistry. Louis Pasteur began his work with wine growers in France trying to find a way to pasteurize the fermentation process to kill germs. After receiving his patent for this he moved on to the textile industry finding a cure for a disease affecting silk worms. He also found cures for chicken cholera, anthrax and rabies. The Pasteur Institute was opened in 1888. During Louis Pasteur's lifetime it was not easy for him to convince others of his ideas, controversial in their time but considered absolutely correct today. Pasteur fought to convince surgeons that germs existed and carried diseases, and dirty instruments and hands spread germs and therefore disease. Pasteur's pasteurization process killed germs and prevented the spread of disease.

8. Maria Mitchell On October 1, 1847 Maria Mitchell discovered a telescopic comet, an accomplishment for which she received a gold medal from King Frederick of Denmark. She was the first woman elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Philosophical Society. She was a Professor of Astronomy at Vassar College. She founded and was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Women. She led one session of the Women's Congress. Maria was given an honorary degree from Columbia College. A crater on the moon was named for her. Posthumously, a tablet with her name was put in the New York University Hall of Fame, her name was carved in a frieze at the Boston Public Library, and she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

9. Fill in the Blanks below: • Columbus was famous for _________ the waterways in search of a safe route from Europe to Asia. • James Lovell was one of the first men to ______ space. He was an _________. • Ellen Ochoa was the first Hispanic woman to ________ space. She was an ________.

10. Who were the following people and how did they affect communities? • Maria Mitchell – • Jonas Salik – • Louis Pasteur-

11. Cyrus McCormick

12. Phyllis Wheatley Phyllis Wheatley was the first African American woman and poet to publish a book. Ms. Wheatley was kidnapped from West Africa at age 7 and sold into slavery. The family by the name Wheatley purchased her and brought her into America. They taught her how to read and write. Her poetry expressed Christian themes, and many poems were dedicated to famous figures. She seldom referred to her own life in her poems. One example of a poem on slavery is "On being brought from Africa to America": Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land, Taught my benighted soul to understand That there's a God, that there's a Saviour too: Once I redemption neither sought nor knew. Some view our sable race with scornful eye, "Their colour is a diabolic dye." Remember, Christians, Negroes, black as Cain, May be refin'd, and join th' angelic train.

13. Bill Gates William Henry "Bill" Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American business philanthropist. Gates is the former chief executive and current chairman of Microsoft, the world’s largest personal-computer software company, which he co-founded with Paul Allen. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software architect. He has also written and co-authored several books. Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors, donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, established in 2000. Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft in January 2000. He now works full-time at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

14. Design a bubble map of things that have changed communities from both the past and present. Include examples.

15. Who are the following people and how did they help to change our communities? • Cyrus McCormick – • Phyllis Wheatley – • Bill Gates -