Reconstruction

1. Reconstruction How do we unite the country, with so many hard feelings?

2. Reconstruction Vocabulary • Assassinated • oath • Black Codes • Klux Klux Klan • Literacy Tests • Poll Tax • Grandfather Clause • Reconstruction • Impeachment • Radical Republicans • Military Reconstruction Act • Freedmens Bureau

3. President Lincoln’s 10% Plan as early as December 1863 • 10% Plan • Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) • Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. • Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. • When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

4. Timeline of Reconstruction 1863 - Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (Abraham Lincoln) 1864 - Wade-Davis Bill (Benjamin Wade and Henry Davis) 1865 - Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. Andrew Johnson (Democrat) becomes president and announces his Presidential Reconstruction. 1866 - Radical and moderate Republicans take control of Reconstruction process (Freedman’s Bureau, Civil Rights Act, 14th Amendment). Congressional Elections - Moderate and Radical Republicans gain a 2/3 majority in Congress. 1867 - Republicans pass the Reconstruction Act of 1867. Congress impeaches Johnson. 1868 - Grant (Republican) wins the presidential election.

5. Views of Reconstruction Northern leaders wanted to insure slavery would be abolished. Moderates thought this could be accomplished as soon as Confederate armies surrendered and the southern states repealed secession and ratified the 13th Amendment. All of this happened by the end of September 1865 General Lee surrendering to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse http://www.ct.gov/mil/lib/mil/pictures/civilwar/thesurrender.jpg

6. Congress Many in Congress wanted tougher requirements on the rebellious southern States. Wade-Davis was a compromise bill between the moderate Republicans and the Radical Republicans

7. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ). Lincoln wanted 10% of the number of 1860 voters take an “oath of Loyalty”. Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. Containedspecific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties. CongressmanHenry W. Davis(R-MD) SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH)

8. Lincoln Assassinated • President Lincoln is assassinated 4 days after General Lee surrendered at Appomattox courthouse (April 1865). • He was killed by Actor John Wilkes Booth while at Ford’s theater watching a play. • How would reconstruction of the union happen now that Lincoln is gone?

9. Lincoln Assassinated

10. 13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

11. Freedmen's Bureau • The new gov. agency was created by Lincoln to assist freedmen, (ex-slaves) in the South. • Major goal was to teach African Americans to read and write and to solve everyday problems of the newly freed, such as clothing, food, water, health care, communication with family members, and jobs.

12. Freedman’s Bureau Schools

13. Civil Rights Act of 1866 • Civil Rights Act of 1866 • Gave African Americans citizenship and forbade states from passing black codes (discriminatory laws) that restricted African Americans’ lives. Former Slaves and Wounded Union Veterans Celebrating the Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 The act declared that all persons born in the U.S. were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition of servitude, excluding Indians.

14. 14 Amendment • In order to ensure permanent change in the law the 14th amendment granted citizenship to African Americans • The amendment also guaranteed the right to due process under the law to African Americans

15. Election of 1866 • Radical Republicans were elected as the majority in Congress. • Passed the Radical Reconstruction Act Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision. Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments. In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making. Federal reconstruction took the vote away from 10,000 to 15,000 white men who had been Confederate officials or soldiers

16. -Radical Republicans passed the Military Reconstruction Act in 1867 -Divided the South into military territories. Southerners were highly resentful of their loss of control over their southern territories -

17. Impeachment of President Johnson • Impeachment is bringing of formal charges against a public official. • Radical Republicans targeted President Johnson • Acquitted by one vote less than the two thirds required to convict him. • 1868

18. The 15th Amendment • Granted African American men the right to vote in 1870. • No guarantee African American men would have access to their local polls. • Violence against African Americans at polling places was common. • Literacy tests, poll taxes and other voter qualifications to prevent African Americans from voting became common. Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote! The First Black Voters http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Month=November&Date=14

19. The South Reacts to the Radical Republicans • Black Codes • Intimidation • Ku Klux Klan • Voting Restrictions • Literacy Tests – prove you can read write before voting • Poll Tax - pay a tax to vote • Grandfather Clause – Can vote if your grandfather voted

20. South Reacts to Radical Reconstruction were laws and constitutional amendments enacted by the ex- Confederate states following the Civil War. The purpose of these laws were to restrict the new rights gained by the newly freed slaves. These restrictive laws ensured a supply of inexpensive agricultural labor, and maintain white control both economically and politically. Black Codes:

21. “Boy, You ain’t a votin’ here”!

22. WHITE SUPREMACY

23. The Rise of Sharecropping Former slaves once the war was over, if they didn’t stay on the plantations to work had to move around to find work. Sharecropping: an arrangement where a landowner rents their land out for the renter grow their crops and once the crops are harvested the renter shares the profit from the crops . Most black families became sharecroppers and barely got by because of debt involved in the arrangement.

24. ShareCropping

25. Sharecropping

26. President Grant Elected 1868 Grant did attempt to enforce Reconstruction. His presidency racked by scandals Republican party divided between two groups. With the Republican party divided it had little energy left to devote to Reconstruction.

27. End of Reconstruction • Scandal in Grants’ administration lost public support for Republican Party • People in the North and South were calling for withdrawal of federal troops. • Hayes elected in 1876. A secret deal between Hayes and Southern Democrats marked the end of reconstruction.

28. What’s Next??? • Western Settlement in the United States • Surge in new inventions and industries • American gains prominence as a country in the worlds area. All of these and more transform the United States, and we become important on the World’s stage.

29. http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/fimage/gildedage/image.php?id=3490 The South tried to weaken the plan by passing Black Codes.