FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000)

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Flowering of Islamic civ which is passed on to: Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Adapt many features of Byzantine & Persian civ’s: Greek science, philos., math & architecture Indian place value digits & Zero Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Abassid Dyn. replaces Ummayads, but fails to keep empire together Persian Lit. & urban planning Stimulates trade w/W. Eur.  Helps both civilizations Spend heavily on archit. & new cities (e.g., Baghdad) Use prof. bur’s, standing armies, coinage, elaborate palaces & court ritual Until overspending wrecks Muslim economy & cuts trade w/W. Europe Stable trade & prosperous economy  Money to support arts & culture Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Sunnite/Shi’ite split which still divides Muslim world Arabs see need to adapt Byzantine & Persian governing techniques to ruling their own empire Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics Seljuk Turks (FC.48) Muslim India (FC.52) Italian Ren. (FC.76) Viking & Arab raids hurt Franks’ emp. (FC.40) Seljuk Turks take over from Arabs (FC.48)

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Arabs ready to? Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for? Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia ?

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Leadership?

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A What did these factors combined lead to? Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Excellent generals & desert tactics

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Byz subjects in Syria, Palestine & Egypt? Excellent generals & desert tactics

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s? Excellent generals & desert tactics

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs conquer an empire extending from ? Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics

Arab invasions went in three directions simultaneously: north-east into Mesopotamia against Persia, north into Syria and Palestine against the Byzantines, and north-west into Egypt and across North Africa, also against the Byzantines. In 711 their forces would simultaneously enter Spain in the West and India in the East. By 750, their empire would span an even greater territory than Alexander’s conquests.

The Arab general Khalid’s legendary 200 mile march across the Syrian desert in 636 to join his comrades at the Battle of the Yarmuk River. Supposedly, Khalid’s men engorged their camels with water before the march and killed them one by one along the march to water their horses from the dead camels’ stomachs. A more apocryphal version had Khalid constructing a pipeline of goatskins across the desert.

Arab women & children defend their camp from a Byzantine attack during the Yarmuk campaign. At the height of the battle, a sandstorm blew in the faces of the Byzantines. Seeing this as a sign of God’s favor, the Arabs renewed their attack and won the battle delivering Syria and Palestine into Muslim hands

The Arabs’ triumphant entry into Alexandria in 639 after a 7-month siege where they filled the moat and stormed the city’s walls. Although the Byzantines briefly recovered the city, the Arabs quickly retook it and proceeded westward across N. Africa.

A late Sassanian cavalryman (l.) such as those defeated by the Arabs in their initial eastward expansion in the 600s. A number of these, who were left over in Palestine and Syria from the recent war with Byzantium, signed on and served with the Arabs. At the battle of Kadisiya in 637, a sandstorm supposedly blew in the faces of the Persians, much like it had against the Byzantines at the Yarmuk River the year before. Kadisiya and another great victory in 642 opened Mesopotamia, Persia, and Media to Arab conquest. On the right is a North African Berber tribesman. The Berbers (from the Latin term for barbarians) converted to Islam and largely filled the ranks of Islam’s armies as they spread across North Africa in the 600’s and into Spain in 711.

Civil strife, the defeat at the hands of the Franks in the Battle of Tours in the West in 733, and two disastrous sieges of Constantinople (674-8, 717-8) in the East brought the initial tide of Arab conquests to a halt. However, lightly armed Arab cavalry such as this would continue to raid and attack Christian lands in Spain and Anatolia for years. In both places, a certain amount of cultural exchange would gradually take place, helping Arab civilization reach its peak by c.1000 and eventually pass its knowledge on to Western Europe via Spain.

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) 4 Orthodox Caliphs (~ pope + emp) Abu Bakr (632-34) Umar (634-44) Uthman (644-56) Ali (656-61) Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) 4 Orthodox Caliphs (~ pope + emp) Abu Bakr (632-34) Umar (634-44) Uthman (644-56) Ali (656-61) Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) 4 Orthodox Caliphs (~ pope + emp) Abu Bakr (632-34) Umar (634-44) Uthman (644-56) Ali (656-61) Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) 4 Orthodox Caliphs (~ pope + emp) Abu Bakr (632-34) Umar (634-44) Uthman (644-56) Ali (656-61) Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Sunnite/Shi’ite split which still divides Muslim world Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics

The Shi’ites The Hashimites, descendants of Hashim, were the “family of the Prophet.” Although Mohammed (green box) had no sons, two lines of Hashimites survived him, one from his uncle Abbas, & the other from his daughter Fatima who married Mohammed’s first cousin, Ali.

The Shi’ites The Hashimites, descendants of Hashim, were the “family of the Prophet.” Although Mohammed (green box) had no sons, two lines of Hashimites survived him, one from his uncle Abbas, & the other from his daughter Fatima who married Mohammed’s first cousin, Ali. Shi’ites believe only Ali & his descendents (called imams, numbers 1-12) are fit to lead Islam politically and spiritually. However, the Shi’ites did not crystallize as a movement until after 750 when Abul-abbas became caliph instead of one of the Alids.

The Shi’ites The Hashimites, descendants of Hashim, were the “family of the Prophet.” Although Mohammed (green box) had no sons, two lines of Hashimites survived him, one from his uncle Abbas, & the other from his daughter Fatima who married Mohammed’s first cousin, Ali. Shi’ites believe only Ali & his descendents (called imams, numbers 1-12) are fit to lead Islam politically and spiritually. However, the Shi’ites did not crystallize as a movement until after 750 when Abul-abbas became caliph instead of one of the Alids. Within the Shi’ites there are several groups. The most prominent are the Imami or Twelver Shi’ites (found in Iran and elsewhere today). They acknowledge twelve imams, but believe the 12th has been in hiding since 873 CE and will return at the end of time as the mahdi (messiah). Imams are the source of all guidance, but until their return, scholars guide the community, as they do for Sunnis.

The Shi’ites The Hashimites, descendants of Hashim, were the “family of the Prophet.” Although Mohammed (green box) had no sons, two lines of Hashimites survived him, one from his uncle Abbas, & the other from his daughter Fatima who married Mohammed’s first cousin, Ali. Shi’ites believe only Ali & his descendents (called imams, numbers 1-12) are fit to lead Islam politically and spiritually. However, the Shi’ites did not crystallize as a movement until after 750 when Abul-abbas became caliph instead of one of the Alids. Within the Shi’ites there are several groups. The most prominent are the Imami or Twelver Shi’ites (found in Iran and elsewhere today). They acknowledge twelve imams, but believe the 12th has been in hiding since 873 CE and will return at the end of time as the mahdi (messiah). Imams are the source of all guidance, but until their return, scholars guide the community, as they do for Sunnis. There are a other smaller (mostly extinct) splinter groups. Some, like the Druze in Syria, regard the imams as divine. The Ismailis believe Muhammed, son of Ismail, was the last imam & messiah who would soon return. When the founder of the Fatimid dynasty in Egypt claimed to be that imam (c.900) the Ismailis split into two groups and further fragmented over time. One branch is led by the Agha Khan.

In 680, Ali’s son, Husayn, set out with about 100 supporters, including women and children, to challenge Umayyad rule. At Karbala, in present day Iraq, Husayn (the central figure on the horse) and his followers were massacred by the forces of Yazid-Husayn. Shi’ites still revere the anniversary of Husayn’s martyrdom as the most important day in their calendar and Karbala as their holiest site.

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Corruption & injustice  Suppress lower status Arabs & non-Arab converts to Islam Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Contact with & infl. of Zoroastrianism, Chr., & Judaism, all w/beliefs in future savior Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Ali (656-61) made CaliphUmmayyads overthrow & kill him  Dynastic principle replaces religion as basis for rule He will return as Mahdi (“rightfully guided one”) to restore just rule Messianic theme in Shi’a Islam Followers of Ali (Shi’atu Ali Shi’ites) see these events as sacrilege 680- rev. by Husayn, son of Ali & Fatima (Moh’s daughter) 70 members of Ali’s family massacred at Karbala Only 1 son of Husayn, Ali, survives 685-7- Unsucc. Rev. in favor of another son of Ali, Mohammed, as Imam, Islam’s true & rightful leader Belief he’s still alive & hidden by God Sunni-Shi’ite split in Islam, which is given more religious edge by 2 events: More radical groups’ beliefs often far removed from mainstream Islam’s beliefs: Fuse w/local rel’s Beliefs such as reincarnation Rejection of all laws  Justifies murder & assass. Belief in imam’s miraculous powersDeification Long pattern of relig rev’s centered around Imam, sometimes called Mahdi, & da’i, who preaches & sometimes fashions imam’s message & leads followers to victory or martyrdom Theme of suffering & expiation makes Shi’a even more of a religious movement Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam Contact w/other civ’s (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam. Riches & power (FC.46) Best known such group the Assassins in 12th & 13th centuries who targeted Sunni Muslims more than Christian Crusaders (FC.67) Basis for present day terrorists in Mid-East who also carried out attacks in Europe and US on 9/11/2001 (FC.146B)

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) 4 Orthodox Caliphs (~ pope + emp) Abu Bakr (632-34) Umar (634-44) Uthman (644-56) Ali (656-61) Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Sunnite/Shi’ite split which still divides Muslim world Abassid Dyn. replaces Ummayads, but fails to keep empire together Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Sunnite/Shi’ite split which still divides Muslim world Abassid Dyn. replaces Ummayads, but fails to keep empire together Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics Seljuk Turks take over from Arabs (FC.48)

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Abassid Dyn. replaces Ummayads, but fails to keep empire together Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Fertile ground for Islam Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Sunnite/Shi’ite split which still divides Muslim world Where do the Arabs get ideas for how to rule their empire? Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics Seljuk Turks take over from Arabs (FC.48)

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Abassid Dyn. replaces Ummayads, but fails to keep empire together Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs see need to adapt Byzantine & Persian governing techniques to ruling their own empire Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Sunnite/Shi’ite split which still divides Muslim world What things do they adapt? Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics Seljuk Turks take over from Arabs (FC.48)

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Abassid Dyn. replaces Ummayads, but fails to keep empire together Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs see need to adapt Byzantine & Persian governing techniques to ruling their own empire Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Sunnite/Shi’ite split which still divides Muslim world Use prof. bur’s, standing armies, coinage, elaborate palaces & court ritual Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics Seljuk Turks take over from Arabs (FC.48)

Having no coinage of their own, the Arabs’ earliest coinage copied that of the last Sassanid Persian king, Yazdgard III. This continued from Yazdgard's death in CE 651 to the early 700s with subsidiary series continuing in Tabaristan and Eastern Sistan until the late 700s. However, believing it wrong to depict human faces, the Ummayad caliph, al Walid started minting coins with passages from the Koran replacing rulers’ portraits. Arab-Sassanian, 'Abd al-Malik bin Marwan, AH* 65-86/AD 685-705, AR Drachm (4.0g). Sassanian Khusro II style bust/Fire altar and attendants, Darabjerd mint, *AH = After Hegira, the beginning of the Muslim calendar in 622 CE al-Walid I, AH* 86-96; AD705-715, AR Dirham

Elite guardsmen such as these would largely replace the ragtag Arab tribesmen who conquered the empire, another sign of the growing wealth and sophistication of Muslim civilization.

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Abassid Dyn. replaces Ummayads, but fails to keep empire together Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs see need to adapt Byzantine & Persian governing techniques to ruling their own empire Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India What do they especially spend heavily on? Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Sunnite/Shi’ite split which still divides Muslim world Use prof. bur’s, standing armies, coinage, elaborate palaces & court ritual Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics Seljuk Turks take over from Arabs (FC.48)

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Abassid Dyn. replaces Ummayads, but fails to keep empire together Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs see need to adapt Byzantine & Persian governing techniques to ruling their own empire Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Spend heavily on archit. & new cities (e.g., Baghdad) Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Sunnite/Shi’ite split which still divides Muslim world Use prof. bur’s, standing armies, coinage, elaborate palaces & court ritual Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics Seljuk Turks take over from Arabs (FC.48)

An Abbasid palace built in the 1200s

The Golden mosque built by the Abbasids

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Abassid Dyn. replaces Ummayads, but fails to keep empire together Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Use prof. bur’s, standing armies, coinage, elaborate palaces & court ritual Arabs see need to adapt Byzantine & Persian governing techniques to ruling their own empire Impact on trade & W. Eur’s econ? Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Sunnite/Shi’ite split which still divides Muslim world Spend heavily on archit. & new cities (e.g., Baghdad) Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics Seljuk Turks take over from Arabs (FC.48)

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Abassid Dyn. replaces Ummayads, but fails to keep empire together Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Use prof. bur’s, standing armies, coinage, elaborate palaces & court ritual Arabs see need to adapt Byzantine & Persian governing techniques to ruling their own empire Stimulates trade w/W. Eur.  Helps both civilizations Until what happened? Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Sunnite/Shi’ite split which still divides Muslim world Spend heavily on archit. & new cities (e.g., Baghdad) Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics Seljuk Turks take over from Arabs (FC.48)

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Abassid Dyn. replaces Ummayads, but fails to keep empire together Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Use prof. bur’s, standing armies, coinage, elaborate palaces & court ritual Arabs see need to adapt Byzantine & Persian governing techniques to ruling their own empire Stimulates trade w/W. Eur.  Helps both civilizations Until overspending wrecks Muslim economy & cuts trade w/W. Europe Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Sunnite/Shi’ite split which still divides Muslim world Spend heavily on archit. & new cities (e.g., Baghdad) Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics Seljuk Turks take over from Arabs (FC.48) Which led to?

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Abassid Dyn. replaces Ummayads, but fails to keep empire together Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Use prof. bur’s, standing armies, coinage, elaborate palaces & court ritual Arabs see need to adapt Byzantine & Persian governing techniques to ruling their own empire Stimulates trade w/W. Eur.  Helps both civilizations Until overspending wrecks Muslim economy & cuts trade w/W. Europe Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Sunnite/Shi’ite split which still divides Muslim world Spend heavily on archit. & new cities (e.g., Baghdad) Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics Viking & Arab raids hurt Franks’ emp. (FC.40) Seljuk Turks take over from Arabs (FC.48)

Frankish Empire prosperous & strong in 700s & early 800s Muslim Caliphs overspend Muslim Caliphs overspend Muslims & Viking middlemen lose trade & money Less money with which Franks can build their state Trade with Franks by way of Russia & Baltic declines Muslims & Vikings turn to raiding Frankish govt. & trade weakened Muslims & middlemen prosper through peaceful trade Silver which Charlemagne & Louis I use to build Empire Expansion of trade with Franks via Russia & Baltic FC. 40A MUSLIM TRADE LINKS AND THE RISE & FALL OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE (C.800-1000) Flourishing Muslim civilization in 700s (FC.46) Disintegration of Frankish Empire in 800s (FC.41)

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Stable trade & prosperous economy  Money to? Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Abassid Dyn. replaces Ummayads, but fails to keep empire together Use prof. bur’s, standing armies, coinage, elaborate palaces & court ritual Arabs see need to adapt Byzantine & Persian governing techniques to ruling their own empire Stimulates trade w/W. Eur.  Helps both civilizations Until overspending wrecks Muslim economy & cuts trade w/W. Europe Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Sunnite/Shi’ite split which still divides Muslim world Spend heavily on archit. & new cities (e.g., Baghdad) Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics Viking & Arab raids hurt Franks’ emp. (FC.40) Seljuk Turks take over from Arabs (FC.48)

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Indian place value digits & Zero Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Adapt many features of Byzantine & Persian civ’s: Greek science, philos., math & architecture Abassid Dyn. replaces Ummayads, but fails to keep empire together Stable trade & prosperous economy  Money to support arts & culture Persian Lit. & urban planning Use prof. bur’s, standing armies, coinage, elaborate palaces & court ritual Spend heavily on archit. & new cities (e.g., Baghdad) Stimulates trade w/W. Eur.  Helps both civilizations Until overspending wrecks Muslim economy & cuts trade w/W. Europe Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Sunnite/Shi’ite split which still divides Muslim world Arabs see need to adapt Byzantine & Persian governing techniques to ruling their own empire Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics Viking & Arab raids hurt Franks’ emp. (FC.40) Seljuk Turks take over from Arabs (FC.48)

A tale from 1001 Arabian Nights

Baghdad was only a small village on the bands of the Tigris when the caliph, al-Mansur found it and decided to make it his capital. It was laid out in the circular Persian style and divided into four quadrants.

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000) A Indian place value digits & Zero Dynamic power of Arabs inspired by Islam Arabs ready to unify & expand Fertile ground for Islam Arabs conquer an empire extending from Spain to India Adapt many features of Byzantine & Persian civ’s: Greek science, philos., math & architecture Abassid Dyn. replaces Ummayads, but fails to keep empire together Stable trade & prosperous economy  Money to support arts & culture Persian Lit. & urban planning Use prof. bur’s, standing armies, coinage, elaborate palaces & court ritual Spend heavily on archit. & new cities (e.g., Baghdad) Stimulates trade w/W. Eur.  Helps both civilizations Until overspending wrecks Muslim economy & cuts trade w/W. Europe Tensions within Arab soc. over who was the legitimate caliph (spiritual & political leader of Islam) Tribal type of rule of first 4 “Orthodox” Caliphs Turmoil & civil war Ummayads establish dynastic principle (651-750) Sunnite/Shi’ite split which still divides Muslim world Arabs see need to adapt Byzantine & Persian governing techniques to ruling their own empire Arabs’ extensive contact w/Rome & Persia Persecuted heretics like more tolerant Arabs (FC.38) Persians & Byz’s exhausted from long wars (FC.44) Excellent generals & desert tactics Viking & Arab raids hurt Franks’ emp. (FC.40) Seljuk Turks take over from Arabs (FC.48)

Venus, Mars, and Saturn seem to form a perfect equilateral triangle over Jerusalem as seen from Baghdad. This same configuration appeared in Middle Eastern skies on April 1, 2BC.

FC.46 THE RISE OF THE ARAB MUSLIMS & THEIR IMPACT (632-c.1000)