European Plans for Operational Atmospheric Composition Monitoring

1. European Plans for Operational Atmospheric Composition Monitoring Rose Munro (EUMETSAT) Jörg Langen (ESA) Yasjka Meijer (ESA)

2. Global Monitoring for Environment and Security GMES Objective GMES Service Development GMES Atmosphere Service GMES Space Component

3. Global Monitoring for Environment and Security GMES Objective “to provide, on a sustained basis, reliable and timely services related to environmental and security issues in support of public policy makers’ needs” • GMES – Global Monitoring for Environment and Security’ (GMES) is a joint initiative of the European Union and the European Space Agency (ESA) • Represents a concerted effort to bring data and information providers together with users • Make environmental and security-related information available to the people who need it through enhanced or new services • European Contribution to the Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS)

4. GMES Service Development • Integrated approach combining models, in-situ, and satellite data • Three fast track services: Emergency Response, Land Monitoring & Marine • Pilot GMES Atmosphere Service under development • Service Implementation Groups advise ECwith working groups on • Scope • Architecture • In-situ component • Space component

5. GMES Atmosphere Service Components • Air Quality • monitoring of global and European atmospheric composition and provision of historic records  threshold exceedance warning, development of effectiveair pollution abatement • integrated global, European & local air qualityanalysis & forecast traffic regulation, air quality alerts, support to health services, extreme events • Climate Forcing • improved and sustainedmonitoring of the state of the climate system(surface and upper air meteorology and composition)and its variability  rapid response toextreme weather events and natural catastrophes • integrated global, European and regional concentration fields of key greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and related tracers) enablingdetermination of sources and sinks  support toemission and sink verification and mitigation policy • Stratospheric Ozone and Solar Radiation • improved and sustainedmonitoring of the current status and trendsin stratospheric ozone depletion and ozone depleting gases • routine provision of updatedozone, UV and solar radiation maps and forecasts

6. GMES Space Component • Sentinel-1 C-band interferometric radar mission • Sentinel-2 multispectral optical imaging mission • Sentinel-3 altimeter and wide-swath low-medium resolution optical and infrared radiometers • Sentinel-4, -5 two families of atmospheric chemistry monitoring missions, one on geostationary (Sentinel-4) and one on low Earth orbit (Sentinel-5) • Sentinels 4&5 will support the GMES Atmosphere Service

7. Main Gaps in Current / Planned Operational System • High temporal and spatial resolution space-based measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition for application toair quality • Climate gases(CO2, CH4 and precursor CO) andaerosol monitoringwith sensitivity to the PBL • High vertical resolution measurementsin the UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications

8. Mission Concepts Mission concept forclimate protocol monitoring(lower troposphere) and air qualityapplications Instrumentation: • UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR spectrometer for O3, NO2, SO2, H2CO, CH4, CO, aerosol • thermal IR sounder for O3, CO and CH4 profiles and HNO3 • cloud imager System:Sentinel 4:GEO platform (Europe, reduced set of species) Sentinel 5:sun-synchronous LEO platform Note: A Sentinel 5 precursor with a launch date of 2014 is also planned to ensure data continuity and to support development of operational services

9. Mission Concepts Mission concept forozone and climate applications in the UTLS Instrumentation options: either mm-wave (MASTER derivative) or mid-IR (AMIPAS derivative) limb-sounder System: sun-synchronous LEO platform Maturation of application to be pursued. Choice of instrument type open. Mission to be considered after clarification of these points.

10. GAS Implementation Group WG 4 Recommendations (Space) • Sentinel 4 will be a realised as • addition of a UVN spectrometer on the EUM MTG-S platforms (~2018) • utilisation of TIR data from the EUM IR sounder onboard the same platforms and • utilisation of imager data from the EUM MTG-I platforms (~2015) • Sentinel 5 will consist of • a UVNS spectrometer embarked on the EUM post-EPS platforms (~2020) • implementation of the Sentinel 5 IR sounding requirements in addition to meteorological requirements for the EUM post-EPS IR sounder and • utilisation of EUM post-EPS imager data. • Additionally a UVNS spectrometer (precursor of Sentinel-5) is required in a polar orbit complementary to MetOp, with afternoon equator crossing time

11. Future EUMETSAT Missions Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) Post-EPS Relationship to Sentinels 4&5

12. Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) (GEO) • Identification of user requirements supported by a User Consultation Process, also addressing atmospheric chemistry • Based on the assessment of the capabilities of observing techniques there were five candidate observation missions identified for MTG: • High Resolution Fast Imagery (HRFI) mission • Full Disk High Spectral Imagery (FDHSI) mission • Infrared Sounding (IRS) mission • Lightning Imagery (LI) mission • UV-VIS Sounding (UVS) mission • For further information see www.eumetsat.int  Home Main What_We_Do Satellites Future_Satellites Meteosat_Third_Generation

13. Post-EPS (EUMETSAT Polar System) (LEO) • Application Expert Groups convened to analyse the needs of EUMETSAT users in the 2020+ timeframe User needs documented in 5 position papers • Atmospheric Chemistry • Atmospheric Sounding and Wind Profiling • Climate Monitoring • Cloud, Precipitation and Large Scale Land Surface Imaging • Ocean Surface Topography and Imaging • Mission Requirements Document (MRD) includes Infra-Red Sounding, UV-Visible-SWIR, Limb MM-Wave & Infra-Red and 3MI missions • For further information see www.eumetsat.int  Home  Main What_We_Do  Satellites  Future_Satellites  Post-EPS

14. Relation to GMES Sentinels 4&5 – Requirements Analysis • Requirements harmonisation process aimed to achieve convergence between Sentinel 4&5 and MTG and post-EPS requirements level of commonality high MTG and Sentinel 4 (GEO) • For MTG some differences remain between Sentinel -4 UVS and MTG UVS specifications, most notably related to spatial coverage requirements • The MTG Infra-Red Sounder (IRS) primarily targets meteorological applications and the Sentinel -4 IRS purely atmospheric chemistry applications  as a result there are differences in requirements specification Post-EPS and Sentinel 5 (LEO) • High degree of convergence achieved  no significant differences remain • Current specification assures continuity with EPS. • Limb MM-Wave & Infra-Red instruments not currently included in the Sentinel 4&5 MRD • IRS requirements for Atmospheric Chemistry in the post-EPS framework have priority “2” relative to all other candidate Missions for post-EPS

15. Relation to GMES Sentinels 4&5 – Schedule MTG versus Sentinel 4 • With the MTG twin-satellite configuration there is now a possibility to embark a UVS mission similar to the UVS studied during MTG Phase 0 (payload mass ~ 140 kg) • Final decision to embark Sentinel 4 on the MTG sounding satellites has to be taken in late summer 2008 together with the definition of the MTG payload complement Post-EPS versus Sentinel 5 • UVNS mission will be studied in the Sentinel 4&5 context at payload level & at most only accommodation/system level issues considered in the post-EPS study; the IRS will be studied in the frame of post-EPS • Final decision to embark Sentinel-5 on the Post-EPS has to be taken by end of 2009 (or early 2010) together with the definition of the Post-EPS payload complement.

16. Relation to GMES Sentinels 4&5 – Scientific Activities • The ESA scientific study “Observation Techniques and Mission Concepts for Atmospheric Chemistry” (CAMELOT) is currently running in parallel to the Sentinel -4 and -5 industrial studies with the aim of providing further scientific advice and support to the industrial teams on implementation of critical requirements, orbit trade-offs, and other related issues • Additionally, ESA funding available for an air quality impact studyand a limb-sounding study • Completed MTG studies also relevant • EUMETSAT can run additional science studies to support the process as necessary

17. Sentinel 4 Mission Objectives Spectral Characteristics Spatial Coverage

18. Sentinel 4 – Mission Objectives • Sentinel-4 will be focussed on air quality • Main data products  O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO and aerosol optical depth • The specific objective is to support air quality monitoring and forecast over Europe with high revisit time (~1 hour) for the period of time between 2017 and 2032

19. Sentinel 4 – Spectral Characteristics

20. Sentinel 4 – Spatial and Temporal Sampling • Repeat cycle < 1 hour with a goal of 0.5 hr • Spatial sampling distance at 45N, 0E <8km • Spatial Coverage (acquisition is only required in the sunlit part of the orbit whenever the Sun Zenith Angle at the observed spatial sample is <92º and the Observation Zenith Angle is <75º)

21. Conclusions • Atmospheric Chemistry requirements are an essential element in the implementation of future European GEO/LEO missions • ESA & EUMETSAT have taken all necessary steps with the EC to ensure accommodation of GMES S4 on MTG, with full support of ESA & EUMETSAT Delegations • MTG Ground Segment will provide all necessary processing elements and data dissemination capabilities • Same approach has been taken for GMES Sentinel 5

22. Additional slides …

23. GMES Atmosphere Service • Core services • Standard operational products and information services providing direct support to European policy and information on global issues • Sustained public funding (EU & Member States) • Pilot service “GMES Atmospheric Service (GAS)”: EU FP7 activity “MACC” to start 2009; negotiation ongoing • Precursor / development activities: GEMS (EU FP6 Integrated Project), PROMOTE (ESA GMES Service Element) • Downstream services • Targeted services that address specific user requirements, or trans-national, national, regional or local problems • EU not directly driving the service and not responsible for service requirements • Use core service data as input • Call to be issued • Precursor / development activities: PROMOTE, national developments

24. Core Service Components • Air quality • integrated global and European air qualityanalysis • integrated global and European air qualityforecast • historic recordsof Global and European atmospheric composition • Climate forcing • improved and sustainedmonitoring of the state of the climate system(surface and upper air meteorology and composition)and its variability • integrated global, European and regional concentration fields of key greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and related tracers) enablingdetermination of sources and sinks • Stratospheric ozone and solar radiation • improved and sustainedmonitoring of the current status and trendsin stratospheric ozone depletion and ozone depleting gases • routine provision of updatedozone, UV and solar radiation maps and forecasts • historic European UV and solar radiation recordsand mapping

25. Examples of DownstreamServices • Air Quality • local air quality forecasts, e.g. as input totraffic regulation • Improved air-quality-related alerts andforecasts for health servicessupporting vulnerable communities (COPD, asthma, pollen-induced allergies) • daily compliance with air-quality legislation (threshold exceedance warning) • support to development of effectiveair pollution abatement measuresthrough proper apportionment of sources and assessment of impacts (human exposure) etc • forecasts for extreme events involving thecombined effects of heat stress, high UV-B exposure and poor air quality • Climate Change • information for rapid response toextreme weather events and natural catastrophes • identification, assessment and monitoring of regional/local sources and sinks of greenhouse gases and pollutants and related tracers in support ofemission and sink verification and mitigation policy. • Stratospheric Ozone and Solar Radiation • surface UV-radiation monitoring and forecasting • personalized skin-type specificUV information

26. Environmental Theme Data usage Ozone Layer & Surface UV radiation Air Quality Climate Protocol Monitoring UNEP Vienna Convention; Montreal and subs. Protocols CFC emission verification Stratospheric ozone, halogen and surface UV distribution and trend monitoring UN/ECE CLRTAP; EMEP / Göteborg Protocol; EC directives EAP / CAFE AQ emission verification AQ distribution and trend monitoring UNFCCC Rio Convention; Kyoto Protocol; Climate policy EU GHG and aerosol emission verification GHG/aerosol distribution and trend monitoring Near Real Time Services Stratospheric composition and surface UV forecast NWP assimilation and (re-) analysis Local Air Quality (BL); Health warnings (BL) Chemical Weather (BL/FT) Aviation routing (UT) NWP assimilation and (re-) analysis Climate monitoring Climate model validation Assessment (lower priority for operational mission) Long-term global data records IPCC assessments Earth System, climate, rad. forcing processes; UTLS transport-chemistry processes Forcing agents source attribution Socio-economic climate effects Long-term global data records WMO Ozone assessments Stratospheric chemistry and transport processes; UV radiative transport processes Halogen source attribution UV health & biological effects Long-term global, regional, and local data records UNEP, EEA assessments Regional & local boundary layer AQ processes; Tropospheric chemistry and long-range transport processes AQ source attribution AQ Health and safety effects Environmental Themes, Data Usage and Services

27. Geographical Coverage Requirements Ozone Layer & global Surface UV radiation threshold : Europe + surrounding areas (e.g. monitoring of EC directives and national AQ legislation, short-term air quality forecast) Air Qualitytarget : global (monitoring, assessment and forecast of global air quality, the oxidising capacity, and the quantification of continental in/outflow) Climateglobal

28. Camelot Study Consortium KNMI – lead SRON RAL Univ. of Leicester FMI BIRA-IASB IFAC-CNR Noveltis Univ. of Köln Duration April 07 – April 09

29. Camelot Study - Objectives • complementation of existing geophysical observation requirements withmeteorological and possibly other auxiliary data requirements and delivery time requirements • contributions to trade-offs among differentobservation principlesfor several chemical species and parameters • derivation of comprehensiveinstrument performance requirementsfrom the geophysical observation requirements with previously identified observation principles • quantification of the effects ofcloud interferenceas a function of geophysical and observational parameters • contributions to the trade-off betweenorbit scenarios • support to parallel Sentinel 4&5phase 0 and phase A system studies • recommendations for changes and additions to theMRD

30. Major Sentinel 4&5 MRD References • EU documents on GAS • GAS Orientation paper and workshop report, 12/2006 • FP7 Cooperation Work Programme Space, 6/2007 • GAS IG WG4 Draft Report and Summary, 3/2008 • GAS precursor projects • FP7 Integrated Project GEMS • GMES Service Element PROMOTE • Environment and climate protection protocols • Vienna convention – Montreal protocol, UNFCCC – Kyoto protocol • UNECE – CLRTAP, EU directives • Related work on observation requirements • IGOS-IGACO Theme report • GCOS implementation plan • WCRP-SPARC long-term observation requirements • EU GMES-GATO report • EU FP projects, e.g. Create-Daedalus, Evergreen • Eumetsat user consultation and studies in the frame of MTG / post-EPS • ESA studies on CO2 monitoring • ESA study on atmospheric chemistry observation requirements • ESA study dedicated to S4&5 requirements (“CAPACITY”) incl. user workshop • ESA study on radiance requirements (“CAMELOT”), ongoing

31. Assessment of Existing and Planned Missions (1/4) • A. Research missions • Envisat, Aura, Odin, Scisat, Mopitt (ongoing) • OCO, Gosat (2009) • Wealth of data for science • Advanced stratospheric component • Pathfinders for tropospheric applications • Main deficiencies: • Temporal resolution, horizontal sampling / coverage in nadir • Vertical resolution in limb • All expected to stop ≤ 2014, no new plans

32. Assessment of Existing and Planned Missions (2/4) • B. Operational missions • MetOp 2006 GOME-2, IASI • NPP / NPOESS 2009/13 OMPS, CRIS • MTG 2017 IRS • post-EPS 2019 IRS • OMPS • designed for stratospheric ozone monitoring • considered appropriate for this purpose; OMPS also limb • some contribution to NWP • contributions to tropospheric applications limited, due to insufficient temporal sampling (~ 1/week/geo-location cloud-free) and too coarse horizontal resolution • OMPS not expected to deliver useful tropospheric data (spectral coverage and resolution, SNR)

33. Assessment of Existing and Planned Missions (3/4) • B. Operational missions (cont’d) • MetOp 2006 GOME-2, IASI • NPP / NPOESS 2009/13 OMPS, CRIS • MTG 2017 IRS • post-EPS 2019 IRS • GOME-2 • target species O3 profile, total column O3, NO2, tropospheric NO2, SO2, HCHO, BrO, aerosol optical depth, clear sky UV index, UV including clouds and surface albedo … • contributes to NWP • spatial resolution (40 km x 80 km) not optimal for tropospheric applications • near-daily coverage (1920km swath)

34. Assessment of existing and planned missions (4/4) • B. Operational missions (cont’d) • Infrared Sounders • IASI: • chemical products: H2O, O3, CH4, N2O, CO, HNO3, SO2 • H2O vertical profiles; some vertical info for tropospheric O3, CO • Post-EPS IRS: • instrument not yet defined (phase 0 starting) • primary Eumetsat objective for IRS is NWP • secondary Eumetsat objective for IRS is air quality / chemistry-climate interaction (requirements harmonised with S4&5) • CRIS: • met instrument (low spectral resolution) – chemistry limited • MTG IRS: • limited contribution – assessment vis-à-vis S4&5 requirements ongoing

35. Main Gaps in Current / Planned Operational System • High temporal and spatial resolution space-based measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition for application toair quality • Climate gases(CO2, CH4 and precursor CO) andaerosol monitoringwith sensitivity to the PBL • High vertical resolution measurementsin the UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications

36. Carbon Dioxide CO2 mission for Kyoto protocol verification : • Severe random and systematic measurement error requirements • Uncertainties of inverse modelling (transport PBL – free troposphere) • Uncertainties in modelling of natural surface fluxes CO2 considered immature for operational missionas recognised by • dedicated ESA study (CNRS-LSCE et al.) • Capacity study consortium • Post-EPS atmospheric chemistry AEG. CO2 mission on natural surface fluxes • First significant results from AIRS and Sciamachy available • Dedicated research missions to come (OCO, Gosat) • Very demanding spec’s → a mission of its own • Advanced mission being investigated in Earth Explorer programme

37. EUMETSAT Objectives & Mission Objectives: • The primary objective is to establish, maintain and exploit European systems of operational meteorological satellites. • A further objective is to contribute to the operational monitoring of the climate as well as the detection of global climatic changes. • Furthermore, environmental issues which drive or are driven by meteorological conditions are considered. Mission: • To deliver operational satellite data and products that satisfy the meteorological and climate data requirements of its Member States - 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, through decades. • This is carried out according to the recommendations of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

38. The EUMETSAT Application Ground Segment Satellite Application Facilities (SAFs) Systems of the EUM/NOAA Cooperation Data Acquisition and Control other data sources EUM Geostationary Systems Data Processing EUMETSAT HQ Application Ground Segment Archive & Retrieval Facility (U-MARF) EUMETSAT HQ Meteorological Products Extraction EUMETSAT HQ Centralised processing and generation of products Decentralised processing and generation of products USERS

39. 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Meteosat First Generation Meteosat-5 Meteosat-6 Meteosat-7 IODC (63° E) Rapid Scanning (10° E) IODC Backup (67.5° E) Primary Service (0° E) IODC (57.5° E) MSG Meteosat-8 Meteosat-9 Meteosat-10 Meteosat-11 MTG 3.4° W 0° EPS MetOp-A MetOp-B MetOp-C Post-EPS OSTM Jason-2 Jason-3 GMES Sentinel 4 GMES Sentinel 5 GMES Sentinel 3 EUMETSAT Space Segment Overview

40. Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) • The UVS mission was studied at instrument level only (not at system level) during pre-Phase A activities but not studied further • Decision endorsed by Council, however, Council also tasked EUM to coordinate with ESA for Implementation of the UVS within GMES, preserving the role of EUM as Operator. This is reflected in the agreed approach for MTG for the ESA C-MIN-08. • Twin satellite configuration also endorsed by EUMETSAT council with the second platform the MTG-S carrying the IRS • With this, a UVS Mission (as Sentinel 4) shall be accommodated within the design margins offered by the MTG Sounding Satellites • The IRS primarily targets meteorological applications but is also expected to provide information on O3 and CO.

41. Relation to GMES Sentinels 4&5 – Context • Following decisions taken at the 60th EUMETSAT Council (December 2006) • It is recognised that MTG and post-EPS atmospheric chemistry requirements shall be implemented in the context of GMES • "According to current plans Sentinels-4 and -5 will be implemented as additional payloads on the Eumetsat MTG and post-EPS missions, and will be operated by Eumetsat as part of the overall MTG and post-EPS management procedures.“ • Similar decisions taken at ESA PBEO in September 2006 • “ESA-EUMETSAT Working Assumptions on GMES Sentinels-4 and -5” finalised for presentation to EUMETSAT Council and ESA PB-EO by end of 2007, confirmed in 2008 and in use for preparation of C-MIN-08.

42. Post EPS Atmospheric Chemistry Mission:Approach to Generating Requirements • Generated by a dedicated Application Expert Group (AEG) • Heritage • Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry Observations (IGACO) Report from the IGOS Atmospheric Chemistry Theme Partners • ESA commissioned CAPACITY study to define the Geophysical Data Requirements for an Operational Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring Mission • Requirements specified for satellite observations only • Prioritisation per application remaining aware of observing feasibility

43. Post-EPS Atmospheric Chemistry Mission: User Data Requirements Tables • Ozone & Surface UV • Priority 1 (protocol/forecast): O3 stratosphere/UT profile & column • Priority 2 (assessment): stratospheric ClO, BrO, HNO3 & aerosol (heterogeneous chemistry) • Composition – Climate Interaction • Priority 1: O3 & H2O profiles; trop CH4 (emissions) • Priority 2: CO2 (emissions); trop CO & NO2 (chemistry); stratospheric N2O/CH4 (circulation); AOD & cirrus • Pollution & Air Quality • Priority 1 (regulation/AQ index) O3, NO2, CO, SO2, AOD • Priority 2 (forecast): H2O, H2CO, aerosol type

44. Post-EPS Atmospheric Chemistry Candidate Missions • Considering data reqs for the three applications and drawing on the extensive assessment of observing techniques for CAPACITY, four main candidate missions proposed for atmospheric chemistry applications • Nadir-viewing uv-swir and ir spectrometers complementary in (a) near-surface sensitivity and (b) detectable constituents • Requirements for near-surface observations of trace gases and aerosol addressed by this combination • Limb-viewing mm-wave and IR spectrometers complementary in (a) cirrus sensitivity and (b) detectable constituents • Requirements for vertical profiling addressed optimally by combination of limb- and nadir-sounding

45. Overall Status ESA C-MIN NOV. 2008 Approval full Programme Go-ahead for Phase B ESA roadmap Start Phase C/D Phase B Phase A 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2007 2008 PCR PCR PRR PRR Council 9 Oct. MTG Payload Complement EUMETSAT roadmap Phase A Preparatory Programme Council Full Programme Approval 2007 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2008 Council Approved the MTG PP

46. Recommendations for Use of Existing Infrastructure & Assets GAS WG 4 recommends that: • Use of existing data dissemination infrastructure, such as EUMETCast and GEONETCast, should be encouraged, especially for GAS near real time applications • Existing assets such as the Climate Monitoring and Ozone / Atmospheric Chemistry SAFs established by EUMETSAT contribute to the GAS provision as needed.