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Cell Biology Revision

Cell Biology Revision. Key Areas. 1. Cell Structure & Function 2. Genetic Engineering 3. DNA & Proteins 4. Enzymes Respiration Transport Across Cell Membranes. Key Areas. 1. Cell Structure & Function 2. Genetic Engineering 3. DNA & Proteins 4. Enzymes Respiration

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Cell Biology Revision

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  1. Cell Biology Revision

  2. Key Areas 1. Cell Structure & Function 2.Genetic Engineering 3. DNA & Proteins 4. Enzymes • Respiration • Transport Across Cell Membranes

  3. Key Areas 1. Cell Structure & Function 2.Genetic Engineering 3. DNA & Proteins 4. Enzymes • Respiration • Transport Across Cell Membranes

  4. Animal Cell Cytoplasm Nucleus Mitochondria Cell membrane Ribosomes

  5. Plant Cell Mitochondria Chloroplasts Vacuole Cell membrane Cytoplasm Cell wall Nucleus Ribosomes

  6. Plant Cell Mitochondria Chloroplasts Vacuole Cell membrane Cytoplasm Cell wall Nucleus Ribosomes Chloroplasts are found in leaf cells, they are NOT found in root cells!

  7. Yeast/ Fungal Cell Cell wall Mitochondria Cell membrane Cytoplasm Vacuole Nucleus Ribosomes

  8. Bacterial Cell Cell membrane Plasmid Ribosomes Cytoplasm Free floating DNA Cell wall

  9. Cellulose Part of cell wall in plants only.

  10. Which cell structure controls all cell activity? Which cell structure is found in plant leaf cells but not yeast cells? Which type of cell does not store its DNA inside a nucleus? What is the function of the ribosomes? What is the function of the mitochondria? Which 3 cell structures are found in all cell types? What is the function of the cell wall? Which structure stores cell sap in plants and yeast cells? Quick Quiz 1

  11. Nucleus Chloroplasts Bacteria Site of protein synthesis Site of aerobic respiration Cell membrane, cytoplasm & ribosomes Supports the cell Vacuole Quick Quiz 1 - answers

  12. Problem Solving

  13. Calculating cell size Calculate the average cell length and breadth using the diagram below. Average cell length; 5 cells across 2mm 2/5 = 0.4mm Average cell breadth; 10 cells across 2mm 2/10 = 0.2mm 2mm

  14. Total Magnification Eyepiece Lens Objective Lens

  15. Key Areas 1. Cell Structure & Function 2.Genetic Engineering 3. DNA & Proteins 4. Enzymes • Respiration • Transport Across Cell Membranes

  16. Genetic Engineering Transfer of a gene from 1 organism (human) to another (bacteria). Uses Insulin Human Growth Hormone (diabetes) (dwarfism)

  17. 1. Genetically Modified Plants Tomatoes which keep fresh longer and have longer shelf life.

  18. 2. Genetically Modified Plants Potatoes that are disease resistant.

  19. 3. Genetically Modified Plants Golden rice with added nutrients.

  20. Human cell Chromosome Gene Bacterial cell Product Plasmid

  21. Key Areas 1. Cell Structure & Function 2.Genetic Engineering 3. DNA & Proteins 4. Enzymes • Respiration • Transport Across Cell Membranes

  22. Function of DNA Genetic code for protein

  23. What is DNA? It is the genetic information found in the nucleus arranged as chromosomes.

  24. Genes and Chromosomes Small sections of DNA on a chromosome are called a gene.

  25. What is DNA? A gene is a DNA molecule that codes for one protein. Antibody Enzyme Hormone Receptor Structural

  26. Structure of DNA DNA is made of 2 strands which form a Double helix. The 2 strands are held together by complementary bases

  27. Complementary bases Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Guanine Thymine

  28. DNA Calculation • If there are 2000 bases and 10% are Adenine – how many Guanine bases are there?

  29. DNA Calculation • 10% A • 10% T = 20% A & T 80% G & C 40% = C 40% = G of 2000 = 40/100 x 2000 = 800 G bases

  30. DNA 3 DNA bases 1 amino acid • Specific AA sequence protein

  31. A A T G C A C A T C A G T C T T G G Coding for protein Different sequence of bases on DNA n produces a different sequence of amino acids in a protein.

  32. How do we make different proteins?

  33. Building a protein DNA is only found in the nucleus. Proteins are assembled using amino acids at structures called ribosomes Animal cell

  34. DNA  mRNA in nucleus

  35. DNA  mRNA in nucleus • mRNA carries a complementary copy of the geneticcode from the nucleus to the ribosomes.

  36. Ribosome (protein synthesis) • mRNA attaches onto the ribosome. • Depending on the base sequence, a specific amino acid sequenceis created.

  37. Ribosome (protein synthesis) • The specific AA sequence creates a specific protein.

  38. 1. Hormones • Chemical messengers that travel in blood InsulinHuman Growth Hormone

  39. 2. Receptors • Allow target cells to recognise specific hormones to cause an effect.

  40. 3. Enzymes • Act as biological catalysts to speed up reactions.

  41. 4. Antibodies • Defend body from pathogens.

  42. Key Areas 1. Cell Structure & Function 2.Genetic Engineering 3. DNA & Proteins 4. Enzymes • Respiration • Transport Across Cell Membranes

  43. What do enzymes do? • Enzymes are biological catalysts – they speed up reactions but are not used up. • 1 enzyme interacts with only 1 type of substrate. • Active site specific shape.

  44. Lock and Key Mechanism SUBSTRATE PRODUCT ACTIVE SITE ENZYME ENZYME- SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

  45. Factors affecting Enzyme Activity • Temperature 2. pH

  46. Optimum conditions Optimum temperature - when enzymes are their most active which is 37°C Enzyme Temperature graph

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