Nationalism and Economic Expansion

1. Nationalism and Economic Expansion Chapter 8

2. Expanding Westward • In 1820: one out of every four white Americans lived west of the Appalachian Mountain • In 1810: one out of every seven... • Significance • economy: new regions into the emerging capitalist system • politics: policy towards new territories/states lead to Civil War • social: people of different cultures forced together

3. Reasons • Population pressures • 1800 population 5.3 million • 1820 population 9.6 million • Economic pressures • Availability of new lands • Decline of Indian resistance • Areas • Textile Mills in the North • Cotton in the South • Fur Trapping in the West • Transportation • Canals • Roads

4. Political and Social Shifts • Era of Good Feelings • The 3 P’s (Peace, Prosperity and Pride) • Post War of 1812 • Nationalism growth • expansion of economy • growth of white settlement and trade in the West • creation of new states • Little party disagreement • James Monroe - Presidency for two terms in 1817 • Experience • Revolution soldier • Diplomat • Secretary of State • Tact • went out of his way to include North and South • goodwill tour • re-election

5. Foreign affairs Part I: Florida • Secretary of State: John Quincy Adams • experience • son of former president • spent time as a US diplomat in four different countries • Treaty of Ghent • goal: expansion (i.e. Florida) • US had already annexed W. Florida • negotiations with Spanish Prime Minister in 1817

6. Florida (continued) • Andrew Jackson • Secretary of War John Calhoun “adopt necessary measures” to stop Seminole Indians • invades Florida in 1818 • seizes Spanish Forts • Washington’s Response • JQA urged gov. to assume complete responsibility • US accuses Spain unwilling to curb threat • Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 • United States gives up Texas • Spain gives up all of Florida and claims in the Pacific Northwest

7. Panic of 1819 • Napoleon again • disruption in European agriculture • high demand for US farm goods • Land prices go up in the West • gov’t established price of $2 an acre • some land in Mississippi $100 an acre • Buy now, pay later • easy credit made available to settlers • land boom • Payback • 1819 new management at the national bank began tightening credit • loans called in / mortgages foreclosed • many banks could not meet the demand and closed • financial panic • Results • Depression • six years • manufactured and agriculture goods fall in price • Debate • Land expansion • The Bank of the United States

8. The Marshall Court • Key SC Cases increase the power of the Federal govt. • Fletcher v. Peck (1810) = Contract clause of Constitution (supremacy clause) • Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1816) = protected sanctity of contracts, and thus corporations. (pro-market economy) • McCullough v. Maryland (1819) = implied powers or the elastic clause protected the BUS! • JM = “The power to tax, involves the power to destroy.” • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) = supremacy clause of Federal power – states can’t take over rights like commerce.

9. Missouri Compromise • Missouri applies for statehood in 1819 • History • French and Spanish inhabitants own slaves • US promises in Louisiana purchase to protect the human property • by 1819 approximately 60,000 people 10,000 were slaves • Tallmadge Amendment • importation of slaves not to be allowed into Missouri (already 16%) • gradual emancipation of slaves already there (when they reach 25) • sparked a two year controversy in Congress

10. Missouri Compromise cont’d • Separation (Debate is really over political power)! • At the time there is a balanced number of slave and free states • Anti-Slavery supporters • Manumission Society • Quakers • De Witt Clinton Republicans • Federalists • free labor system • “Southern Rule” and “Virginia Influence” (slave supporters) • plantation system

11. Weak solution • state entry in even pairs (one non slavery state / one state with slavery) • Thomas Amendment (or proviso): slavery prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory North of the southern boundary of Missouri. (36’30 dividing line) means that Ark. and Ok. Open to slavery in future, but the other territory (to be 9 states would not allow the expansion of slavery) • Maine-Missouri Bill guided through the house by Henry Clay

12. Presidential reactions • T. Jefferson – “A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper…. This momentous question, like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once the knell of the Union. It is hushed indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence.”

13. Foreign Affairs Part II: Monroe Doctrine • An entire continent of Spanish Empire struggling • Many believed that success of anti-Spanish revolutions would strengthen US standing in region • 1815 claimed neutrality, but sold revolutionaries supplies • 1822 Recognition of five new countries: • La Plata (Argentina) • Chile • Peru • Columbia • Mexico

14. 1823 Monroe Doctrine States: • “The American continents... are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” -and- • “Our policy in regard to Europe... is not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers.” • Significance • Becomes the foundation of American Foreign Policy • Why? • foreign reasons • European “concert” puts royalty back in Spain • feared Euro allies might try to regain territory in America • domestic reasons • use national pride to heal depression • divert nation from sectional politics • increase popular interest in an lack-luster administration

15. Election of 1824: End of the Virginia dynasty • Candidates (All of them are Democratic-Republicans) • William H. Crawford, Georgia (41) • secretary of the treasury • states rights • suffering from a paralyzing disease • Old-line Republican (small government) • Henry Clay, Kentucky (37) • Speaker of the House • Part of the War Hawks from the War of 1812 (Westerner) • Very closed aligned with Adams • John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts (84) • Secretary of State • Son of a Federalist president (John Adams – 2nd president) • Represented the northeast (high protective tariff) • Leading contender • Andrew Jackson, Tennessee (99) • 1812 War Hero • US Senator, but no serious political record • John Calhoun, South Carolina ??? • Had aspirations, but dropped out before the election • Hope of winning the Vice Presidency!

16. Henry Clay John Quincy Adams John Calhoun William Crawford Andrew Jackson

17. Election of 1824 • Candidate Electoral Vote Popular Vote • Presidential • John Quincy Adams (MA) 84 115,696 • Henry Clay (KY) 37 47,136 • Andrew Jackson (TN) 99 152,933 • William H. Crawford (GA) 41 46,979 • Vice Presidential • John C. Calhoun (SC) 182 • Nathan Sanford (NY) 30 • Nathaniel Macon (NC) 24 • Andrew Jackson (TN) 13 • Martin Van Buren (NY) 9 • Henry Clay (KY) 2 • Votes not cast 1

18. The Twelfth Amendment (adopted in 1804 following the disputed Election of 1800) provided that elections in which no candidate received a majority should be decided by the House of Representatives from among the top three candidates. Clay was out of contention and Crawford was an unlikely prospect because of a serious illness.

19. Jackson clearly expected to win, figuring that the House would act to confirm his strong showing. However, Clay, as Speaker of the House, used his influence to sway the vote to Adams. Although they were not close, Clay knew that he and Adams shared a common political philosophy; Clay also knew that Jackson was an avowed opponent of the Bank of the United States, a vital component of the American System. Clay also was not interested in doing anything to further the career of the hero of New Orleans, his main rival in the West. • Adams prevailed on the first ballot in the House of Representatives and became the nation's sixth president. His subsequent appointment of Henry Clay as Secretary of State led to angry charges of a "corrupt bargain."

20. Jackson received a plurality, but not a majority, thus a run off (in the H of R) • Clay and Adams make a deal • Clay tells his supporters to vote for Adams • Adams wins • Deal became known as the “Corrupt Bargain” and would haunt the political careers of both Adams and Clay

21. John Quincy Adams Presidency • Creative ideas for agriculture, commerce + arts blocked by Jackson supporters • Panama Conference 1826 • Cherokee Indians vs. The State of Georgia • “tariff of abominations”

22. Jackson’s Revenge: Election of 1828 • Ugly election • Jackson accuses Adams of: • supporting the “economic aristocracy” • gross waste and extravagance • using American women as bribes to foreign leaders • Adams accuses Jackson of: • killing American soldiers in cold blood • being and adulterer (Jackson’s wife fainted and died shortly after the election upon reading the propaganda) • Jackson wins decisively • “Era of The Common Man”