The End of Manifest Destiny

1. The End of Manifest Destiny Texas, California, the Gold Rush, and the conquest of the continental America

2. Mexico Invites U.S. Settlers • Mexico allows Americans to settle in Mexico because it: • prevented border violations • protected territory from Indian attacks • economic reasons: encouraged American Farmers to settle in territory

3. Mexican Land Grants • Between. 1823 & 1824, Mexico offered land grants to agents called empresarios • Empresarios sold cheap land to American settlers in return for their pledge • to obey Mexican laws. • to observe official religion of Roman Catholicism Prediction: What problems do you think may arise with the influx of Americans into Mexican territory?

4. Anglo’s in Mexico • Population of Anglo, or English-speaking settlers in Mexico surpasses the Tejanos (American & Mexican settlers) • “GO TO TEXAS” fever spreads in the U.S., prompting many to talk about annexing land up to the Rio Grande River • Mexico previously refused John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson’s bids to buy land and began to regret allowing Americans to settle in Mexican territory.

5. Texas Declares Independence: Texas Fights to Remain Independent

6. 1830: Mexican government sealed its borders Tensions grew over cultural differences between Anglo’s, Tejanos, & Mexicans Mexico slapped a heavy tax on American imports Protestant settlers refused to speak Spanish Mexico abolished slavery in 1824 American cotton & sugar farmers brought slaves to Texas to work their farms & plantations Mexico insisted that Texans free their slaves Causes of the Texas Revolution:

7. Causes of the Texas Revolution: • Stephen F. Austin • In 1821, he led first of several groups of American settlers into Texas • In 1833, he traveled to Mexico City to present petitions for greater self-government in Texas • Mexican President Santa Ana refused • On his way home, Austin was imprisoned for ‘inciting a revolution.’ Stephen F. Austin(1793-1836)

8. Texans, Arm Yourselves! • Santa Anna suspended 1824 Mexican • Constitution • Santa Anna refused to negotiate with • Austin • Santa Anna determined to make • Texans obey laws he made, marches • a 4,000 man army to San Antonio • Late 1835Texans attack Mexican • forces and drive them from the ALAMO, • an abandoned mission used • as a fort. • Santa Anna STRIKES BACK—Mexican • Army stormed & destroyed the small • garrison at the Alamo Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

9. The Battle of the Alamo General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

10. Remember the Alamo! • Santa Anna’s forces kill all 187 U.S. defenders at the Alamo, including two famous Americans: • Jim Bowie • Davy Crockett • Many Mexicans perished in the battle as well • Only a few women & children survived The Alamo

11. Remember the Alamo! Davey Crockett Jim Bowie (inventor of the Bowie Knife)

12. Davey Crockett’s Last Stand

13. The Republic of Texas • Texans, led by Sam Houston, defeat Mexico and Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto • Battle Cry “Remember the Alamo!” • Texans killed 630 Mexicans and captured Santa Anna in 18 minutes! • Santa Anna set free after he signed the Treaty of Velasco, granting Texas independence • March 16, 1836: Texas ratified a constitution similar to that of the U.S. • September 1836 Sam Houston elected president of the “Lone Star Republic,” which set up an army & navy Sam Houston(1793-1863)

14. Battles of the fight for Texas’s Independence

15. The Lone Star Republic

16. TEXAS JOINS THE UNION! • Many Texans likened themselves to American colonists who had defeated the British 60 years earlier • 1838: Sam Houston invites the U.S. to annex, or incorporate, Texas into the union • Many Texans hoped this would happen, agreed with U.S. annexation • U.S. opinion divided: • Southerners: sought to extend slavery already established in Texas • Northerners: Feared annexation of more slave territory would: • Tip the uneasy balance in the Senate in favor of the slave states • Prompt war with Mexico

17. Texas is Admitted to the Union! • Election of 1844 sparks a debate over westward expansion • James K. Polk: favored annexation of Texas (he was a slaveholder) • December 29, 1845: Texas became the 28th state in the Union • Possibility of war looms: Mexican government recalled its ambassador from Washington, D.C.

18. The Bear Flag Republic The Revolt  June 14, 1845 John C. Frémont

19. WE WANT CALIFORNIA! • President Polk offered to buy California from Mexico in 1845 • Mexico refuses, causing American settlers, led by John C. Frémont, to seize the town of Sonoma in June 1846 • Americans hoisted a flag featuring a grizzly bear, declaring independence from Mexico, and proclaimed the Republic of California • Mexico gave way, leaving U.S. forces in control of California

20. Causes of the Mexican-American War • The Americans: • Americans incite revolutions in California and Texas • U.S. President Polk urges war •  Polk believed war with Mexico would bring Texas, New Mexico, and California into the union •  Polk supported Texas’s territorial claim that its border extended to the Rio Grande River, not the Nueces River as Mexico claimed

21. Causes of the Mexican-American War • The Americans (continued) • Polk sent Spanish-speaking emissary to Mexico to purchase California & New Mexico and to gain approval of the Rio Grande as the Texas border

22. The Slidell Mission: Nov., 1845 • Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the Texas-U.S. border. • U.S. would forgive American citizens' claims against the Mexican government • U.S. would purchase the New Mexico area for $5,000,000. • U.S. would California at any price. John Slidell

23. Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated,neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Congressman David Wilmot(D-PA)

24. Causes of the Mexican-American War • The Americans: • Mexico refuses to receive Slidell • Polk issued orders to General Zachary Taylor blockade Rio Grande River • Polk orders Fremont to lead an exploration party through Mexico’s Alta California province (hoping to incite war) • Manifest Destiny had launched the U.S. into its first war on foreign territory

25. Causes of the Mexican-American War • The Mexicans: • Sealed off its borders • Suspended its constitution • Slaughtered Texan forces at the Alamo • Killed 9 Americans who crossed into the Mexican Alta California province • Refused to negotiate with American emmisaries and refused to sell the U.S. California and Texas

26. The Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

27. General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto “Old Rough and Ready”

28. General Scott Enters Mexico City “Old Fuss and Feathers”

29. The Bombardment of Vera Cruz

30. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 Nicholas Trist,American Negotiator

31. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 The Treaty was basically forced on Mexico! • Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River. • Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico. (included present day California, Nevada, NewMexico, Utah, most of Arizona, parts of Colorado, and Wyoming) • U. S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3,500,000). • Treaty guaranteed Mexicans living in these territories freedom of religion, protection of property, bilingual elections, and open borders.

32. Results of the Mexican War? The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease). New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics. *Brought in 1 million square miles of land (including Texas) These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. Created two popular Whig generals who ran for President. Manifest Destiny partially realized.

33. The Gadsden Purchase • 1853 President Franklin Pierce authorizes emissary to Mexico, James Gadsden to buy more land from Mexico • U.S. agrees to pay $10 million for the “Gadsden Purchase,” which was a piece of territory south of the Gila River. • Gadsden Purchase established the current borders of the lower 48 states.

34. The Mexican Cession & Gadsden Purchase

35. The California Gold Rush • January 1848—James Wilson Marshall working on John Sutter’s property in the California Sierra Nevada’s discovered Gold at Sutter’s Mill. Word of Marshall’s ‘chance discovery’ reached the east coast and ignited “GOLD FEVER’

36. GOLD! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848 John A. Sutter

37. “THE WAY THEY GO TO CALIFORNIA” –Cartoon lithograph by Nathaniel Currier

38. California Gold Rush, 1849 49er’s

39. GOLD RUSH FEVER • Migration to California skyrocketed from 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in 1850 • The ‘forty-niners,’ prospectors who flocked to CA in 1849 to pan for gold • ‘Gold Fever” caught onto the rest of the world 49ers joined by people from Asia, South America, and Europe.

40. IMPACT OF GOLD FEVER • San Francisco becomes a ‘pandemonium of a city’ because of its location as a supply center • SF’s population exploded from 1,000 in 1848 to 35,000 in 1850 • Ferrying business in SF flourished ferrying of people, supplies, and ships clogged SF’s harbor

41. Gold Rush Brings Diversity • By 1849 California’s population exceeded 100,000 • Chinese largest immigrant group from overseas living in CA • Free blacks traveled to CA and struck it rich • By 1855 richest blacks in the nation living in California • Mexicans constituted a large portion of the population • Slaves large slave population resided in CA until state constitution (drafted in 1849) outlawed slavery • CA STATEHOOD DEBATE pins northern and southern states against one another over the slavery debate. • California wins statehood in 1850

42. Two Views of San Francisco, Early 1850s • By 1860, almost 300,000 people had traveled the Oregon & California Trails to the Pacific coast.

43. Territorial Growth to 1853 & the closing of North America