The Renaissance in Italy A Rebirth of Art, Culture, Learning and Greek and Roman Philosophy

1. The Renaissance in ItalyA Rebirth of Art, Culture, Learning and Greek and Roman Philosophy

2. Sought to bring Europe out of disorder and disunity. (Bring unity and order to Europe) • placed greater emphasis on individual achievement. • tried to understand the world with more accuracy. • Focused on the “here and now.” • revived interest in classical Greek and Roman learning. Things Renaissance thinkers did

3. Trade assumed greater importance than before. • Navigators sailed across the oceans. (Not Pacific) • Scientists viewed the universe in new ways. (literally and figuratively) • Writers and artists experimented with new techniques. Things that happened during the Renaissance because people were curious.

4. WHY ITALY? • Italy’s central location & control of trade routes helped make it a center for the trade of goods and ideas. • Italy was the center of the old Roman Empire. • Wealthy Italian Merchant families were Patrons of the arts • Byzantine scholars fled there at the fall of Constantinople Europe in 1500

5. Most Renaissance humanists were devoutly religious but they focused on worldly (secular) issues rather than religion. Things in the here and now. • Humanists believed education should stimulate creativity. • They emphasized study of the humanities, such as grammar, rhetoric (art of speech), poetry, and history. Humanism Humanists studied the works of Greece and Rome to learn about their own culture. The Ideal Renaissance person was one who had diverse skills and learned the humanities.

6. merchants and bankers who controlled Florence after 1434. • Lorenzo de' Medici invited poets, philosophers, and artists to the city. • Florence became a leader, with numerous gifted artists, poets, architects, and scientists. • Machiavelli's book “The Prince” was written for them. • One became pope… The Medici family As a result of these families ordinary people were exposed to art outside of Church.

7. was a guide for rulers to gain and maintain power. • he stressed that the ends justify the means. (not honesty) • The term Machiavellianhas come to refer to the use of deceit in politics. • Critics saw Machiavelli as cynical, but others said he was providing a realistic look at politics. Niccolò Machiavelli’s book “ThePrince”

8. Changes that made Art in the Renaissance Different then the Middle Ages • Mostly religious themes but made to look like ancient Greece and Rome • Realism-Looked more realistic. • Used Perspective, a new technique that made paintings look more 3d • Painters used oil paint that shined to create shadows. • Artists studied the human anatomy to better portray the human body

9. Perspective allowed for more realistic art. Distant objects appeared smaller. How does perspective work?!? One new technique was perspective, credited to Filippo Brunelleschi.

10. Leonardo da Vinci was an artist and inventor. He studied botany, optics, anatomy, architecture, and engineering. His sketches included submarines and flying machines Michelangelo Buonarroti was a sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet. Most famous works are the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and David. Raphael was mainly a painter and printer. His work “School of Athens is considered the best example of renaissance art. Donatellowas the most famous sculptor of the Renaissance. He worked in many different mediums

12. Writers were also humanists. Some described how to succeed in the Renaissance world. • Men played music and knew literature and history but were not arrogant. • Women were kind, graceful, and lively, and possessed outward beauty. Baldassare Castiglione’sBook of the Courtier described the manners and behavior of the ideal aristocratic man and woman.

13. What did the Ideal Renaissance Man have… On his mind? In his words? In his Heart? In his hands? His Physique? Where was he going?

14. Lets read about an Ideal Renaissance women. When you’re done with the reading add your own notes for what you read Topic Details (use EESPRITE) Stop me… I want to talk about stolen NAZI art instead…  Isabella D’este

15. The Renaissance Spreads from Italy to Northern Europe • Northern Humanists studied art • and sciences. • Hoped to bring religious reform • Wrote in the vernacular • <3 the middle class What was the Difference between the Renaissance in Italy and Northern Europe?

16. The towering figure of northern Renaissance literature was the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. Between 1590 and 1613, he wrote 37 plays which are still performed today, including: • Romeo and Juliet • Hamlet • A Midsummer Night’s Dream

17. In 1455 Johann Gutenberg printed a complete edition of the Bible using a printing press with movable type. Effects of the printing press • Printed books were far easier to produce than hand-copied books. • More people had access to a broad range of learning and new • ideas. • By 1500, the number of books in Europe had risen from a few thousand to between 15 and 20 million. The printing revolution transformed Europe.

18. What kind of information was being spread on the new printing press? Predict what this will change. Make a list.

19. The Scientific Revolution

20. Until the mid-1500s, Europeans accepted the idea that the Earth was the center of the universe. • This geocentric view was developed in ancient times by Aristotle and Ptolemy. • By the Renaissance, it had become official Church doctrine…. Even though many people didn’t believe it.

21. Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus challenged this view. • In 1543, he proposed aheliocentric,or sun-centered, model of the solar system. • The Earth and other planets revolved around the sun. This 1660 diagram shows a heliocentric solar system

22. Johannes Kepler used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets. Kepler found that the planets don’t move in perfect circles as earlier believed. Copernicus’s revolutionary theory was rejected. If the classic scholars were questioned, then all knowledge might be called into question. But careful observations by Tycho Brahe supported Copernicus.

23. This contradicted Church doctrine that the Earth was the center of the universe. In Italy, Galileo Galilei built a telescope and observed several moons in orbit around Jupiter. He said these movements were the same as those of the planets around the sun. Galileo was tried for heresy and forced to recant his theories before the Inquisition. “And yet it moves…” -Galileo

24. Over time, scientists developed a step-by-step scientific method. It required the collection of accurate data and the proposal of a logical hypothesis to be tested.

25. Isaac Newton linked science and mathematics. Newton theorized that gravity was the force that controls the movements of the planets. He believed that all motion in the universe can be measured and described mathematically. He contributed to the development of calculus,a branch of mathematics, to help explain his laws.

26. Humanist ideas for social reform grew in popularity. More people began to question the central force in their lives—the Church. The early 1500s were uncertain times in northern Europe. Huge Differences (Disparities) in wealth, a new cash based (market economy), and religious discontent all led to (bred) uncertainty. (Pink words can be replaced with the ones in the parentheses) The printing press spread knowledge and new ideas quickly.

27. The Dutch priest Desiderius Erasmus was one of the major religious scholars of the age. • Erasmus called for translation of the Bible into the vernacular. • He believed a person’s chief duties were to be open-minded and show good will to others. • He also sought reform in the Church. Born in 1466, Erasmus helped spread humanist ideas to a wider public.

28. The printing press quickly spread Luther’s writings throughout Germany and Scandinavia. The German monk Martin Luther sparked a revolt in 1517. • Angered by the sale of indulgences, Luther drew up his 95 Theses and nailed them to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany. • He argued that indulgences had no place in the Bible, and Christians could only be saved by faith. • Rather than recant, Luther rejected the authority of Rome.

29. Why did leaders support Martin Luther and the Protestant Revolution? 1. Some German princes saw Lutheranism as a chance to throw off the rule of both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor. 2. Some saw an opportunity to seize Church property in their territories. 3. Others embraced the new church out of nationalistic loyalty. 4. Many were tired of paying to support clergy in Italy.

30. John Calvin, a French-born priest and lawyer, was strongly influenced by these Reformation ideas. Calvin accepted most Lutheran beliefs but added his own belief in predestination. There were two kinds of people, saints and sinners. He preached that God had long ago determined who would or would not gain eternal salvation. Only the saved could live a truly Christian life.

31. By the late 1500s, Calvinism had spread throughout northern Europe. • In Germany, Lutherans and Catholics fought Calvinists. • In France, Calvinists battled Catholics. • In Scotland, Calvinist preacher John Knox helped overthrow a Catholic queen. • Full list pg 241, last paragraph. Challenges to the Catholic Church set off a series of religious wars. To escape persecution in England, groups of Calvinists sailed for America in the early 1600s.

32. England goes back and forth Henry VIII wants a divorce but Catholics don’t allow divorce so HE CONVERTS his whole country and names himself the religious leader. Henry breaks away from the Catholic Church Converts the kingdom to a religion he invented The Anglican Church Henry dies and his son Edward makes laws to keep England Protestant Edward dies and his sister Mary converts the country back to Catholicism. Mary dies and her sister Elizabeth finds a compromise between the two religions Tolerant or not? Violent or not? Henry? Edward? Mary? Elizabeth?

33. Heightened passions about religion also resulted in intolerance and persecution. • Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands were killed as witches, especially in the German states, Switzerland, and France. Most were women. • Witches were seen as agents of the devil and thus anti-Christian. • Non Christians, midwives and Anabaptists were often accused of witch craft and devil worship.

34. The Churches Response to the Reformation Council of Trent- Church officials met off and on over several decades to discuss the direction of reform. Agreed that 1. Reaffirmed Church Tradition 2. Voted to end and penalize Corruption 3. Established Schools (so clergy can argue with educated protestants.)