Reconstruction: Political, Legal, and Social Dimensions

1. Chapter 12

2. Standards • SSUSH10 The student will identify legal, political, and social dimensions of Reconstruction. • a. Compare and contrast Presidential Reconstruction with Radical Republican Reconstruction. • b. Explain efforts to redistribute land in the South among the former slaves and provide advanced education (Morehouse College) and describe the role of the Freedmen’s Bureau. • c. Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. • d. Explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and other forms of resistance to racial equality during Reconstruction. • e. Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in relationship to Reconstruction. • f. Analyze how the presidential election of 1876 and the subsequent compromise of 1877 marked the end of Reconstruction

3. The Reconstruction Era What lasting consequences arose from the struggles over Reconstruction?

4. Rival Plans for ReconstructionSection 1 • How did the Radical Republicans’ plans for Reconstruction differ from Lincoln’s and Johnson’s? • Vocabulary: Reconstruction black code Radical Republican impeach Civil Rights Act of 1866 Wade-Davis Bill Freedmen’s Bureau Andrew Johnson Fourteenth Amendment Fifteenth Amendment

5. Rival Plans for Reconstruction The Issues of Reconstruction Main Idea:During the era of Reconstruction (1865–1877), the federal government struggled with how to return the eleven southern states to the Union, rebuild the South’s ruined economy, and promote the rights of former slaves. Lincoln Sets a Moderate Course Main Idea:Even while the war was in progress, Union politicians had debated programs for repairing the nation’s political structure and economy. For President Lincoln, one of the first major goals was to reunify the nation. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan Main Idea: Lincoln’s death thrust his Vice President, Andrew Johnson, into the presidency. Like Lincoln, Johnson wanted to restore the political status of the southern states as quickly as possible. However, Johnson was against federal intervention to advance African American political and civil rights. This caused significant tension with Congress. Congressional Reconstruction Main Idea: As violence against African Americans in the South increased, moderate and Radical Republicans blamed the rising tide of lawlessness on Johnson’s lenient policies. For the first time ever, with the required two-thirds majority, Congress passed major legislation over a President’s veto. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 became law.

6. Think About It… • Why did the implementation of truly radical measures during Reconstruction fail to truly help southern Blacks while thoroughly angering and alienating southern whites? • So… • Was Reconstruction a success or was Reconstruction a failure??

7. Presidential ReconstructionSection 1 • Reconstruction was the federal government’s attempt to repair the damage to the South after the Civil War • Occurred from 1865 to 1877 • Controversial • Had mixed results

8. Results of the Civil War • The entire country was impacted by the war • The North • Lost 364k Federal soldiers including 38k African Americans • The South • Lost 260k Confederate soldiers • 1/5 of all white men in region

9. Southerners’ Hardships • Black Southerners • 4 million freed slaves with little or no skills or education • Homeless and jobless • Plantation owners • Lost slave labor that amounted to $3 billion • Lost seized plantation land- $100 million • Poor white southerners • Could not find new jobs • Moved North if possible

10. Federal Government’s DilemmaWhat to do About the South?? • Lincoln's Plan • Pardon any Southerner who pledged allegiance to the United States • But denied pardons to officials who had killed African American war prisoners • Permitted states to hold a new constitutional convention AFTER 10% of voters had sworn allegiance to the US • After state constitutions were accepted, voting rights would be reestablished

11. Rebuilding the Union TRANSPARENCY Transparency: Rebuilding the Union

12. The Radical Republicans • Most northerners in Congress were Republicans and opposed to slavery • They now wanted to punish the South • Saw Lincoln’s plan as too forgiving • Congress’ Plan was to totally reconstruct southern society and guarantee southern blacks equality • Passed own plan- The Wade- Davis Act • Lincoln used pocket-veto to kill bill

13. The Death of a President • Did not live to see the peace he helped to create • Conspirators and southern sympathizers plotted against the president • Died in office on April 14, 1865

15. 9) The first name of Lincoln's private secretary was John, the last      name of Kennedy's private secretary was Lincoln. 10) John Wilkes Booth was born in 1839 [according to some sources] LeeHarvey Oswald was born in 1939, one hundred years later. 11) Both assassins were Southerners who held extremist views. 12) Both assassins were murdered before they could be brought to trial. 13) Booth shot Lincoln in a theater and fled to a warehouse. Oswald        shot Kennedy from a warehouse and fled to a theater. 14) Lincoln and KENNEDY each has 7 letters. 15) ANDREW JOHNSON and LYNDON JOHNSON each has 13 letters. 16) JOHN Wilkes BOOTH and LEE HARVEY OSWALD each has 15 letters. 17) A Lincoln staffer Miss Kennedy told him not to go to the Theater.  A Kennedy       staffer Miss Lincoln, told him not to go to Dallas. Lincoln - Kennedy Coincidences 1) Lincoln was elected in 1860, Kennedy in 1960, 100 years apart 2) Both men were deeply involved in civil rights for African Americans. 3) Both men were assassinated on a Friday, in the presence of     their wives. 4) Each wife had lost a child while living at the White House. 5) Both men were killed by a bullet that entered the head from behind. 6) Lincoln was killed in Ford's Theater. Kennedy met his death while      riding in a Lincoln convertible made by the Ford Motor Company. 7) Both men were succeeded by vice-presidents named Johnson who were      southern Democrats and former senators. 8) Andrew Johnson was born in 1808. Lyndon Johnson was born in 1908,      exactly one hundred years later.

16. Strange….But True???

17. President Andrew Johnson • Not well liked by either side • Only Southern senator to remain in Congress after Secession • Created own plan for Reconstructing the South Political Cartoon, “Johnson Antagonizes Washington”

18. Johnson’s Plan • Pardon all Southerner’s who swore allegiance to US • Permitted each southern state to hold a constitutional convention without Lincoln’s 10% requirement • Former Confederate states had to void secession, abolish slavery, and ratify 13th Amendment • Then elections could be held and statehood resumed

19. Like Adding Fuel to the Fire • Johnson’s Plan vs. Lincoln's Plan • Johnson’s was more generous to the South • Created anger and resentment in Congress • Congress decided to make own plan • The Radical Republicans were born

20. Congress’ Plan • Put the South under military rule • Order southern states to hold new elections for constitutional delegates • Required all states to allow African- Americans the right to vote • Temporarily barred former Confederates from voting • Required southern states to guarantee equal rights for all citizens • Required all states ratify the 14th Amendment

21. Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas

22. A Showdown Between Two Branches of Government! • A constitutional crisis occurred when the Congress’ plan was pitted against the President’s plan • Two powerful Senators led the charge against President Johnson • Charles Sumner- MA senator and abolitionist • Thaddeus Stevens- PA senator and power player

23. Executive versus Legislative • President Johnson tried to fire Secretary of War Edwin Stanton • The Radical Republicans tried to block the firing using the new Tenure of Office Act • Provisions of the Act: • Took power away from the President • The hiring and firing of Cabinet secretaries had to approved by Congress • The title of Commander-in-Chief was also removed!

24. Who Controls the Readmission of States? DECISION POINT Decision Point: Who Controls the Readmission of States?

25. Thank God Almighty I’m Free At Last! • Southern blacks celebrated their freedom as the politicians decided how to proceed with punishing the South • Freedom of Movement • Freedom to Own Land • Freedom to Worship • Freedom to Learn

26. Freedmen’s Bureau Schools, 1865-1870 QUICK STUDY Quick Study: Freedmen’s Bureau Schools, 1865-1870

27. The Freedman’s Bureau • Created in March 1865 as a relief agency for newly freed slaves or “Freedmen” • Was intended to offer assistance in housing, education, and citizenship • Was not completely successfully in any of these areas (due to corruption and mismanagement) • Did issue twenty million rations of food, established 50 hospitals, set up 4,330 schools and helped establish the first Black colleges.

29. The 14th and 15th Amendments • Congress was concerned about these abuses and decided to add civil rights to the US Constitution • 14th Amendment- Granted citizenship and “equal protection” to all African Americans • 15th Amendment- Gave the right to vote to all African American males over the age of 21 • Both amendments have had far reaching effects in the 19th-20thand 21st centuries

30. Reconstruction in the SouthSection 2 • What were the immediate effects of Reconstruction? • Vocabulary: scalawag share-tenancy carpetbagger tenant farming segregation Ku Klux Klan integration Enforcement Acts sharecropping

31. Reconstruction in the South Sec 2: Reconstruction in the South Republican Governments Bring Change Main Idea:The Republican Party dominated Confederate states’ newly established governments and consisted of black men, men who previously lacked access to politics, and northerners who moved to the south to make their fortunes. The Republicans succeeded at helping to shape a public school system but failed to support women’s suffrage. Freed People Build New Communities Main Idea:For the first time, many African American men and women could legalize and celebrate their marriages, create homes for their families, and make choices about where they would reside. However, their choices were restricted by black codes that limited what work they might do. Life presented new problems and opportunities. Remaking the Southern Economy Main Idea:Many of the South’s problems resulted from the uneven distribution of land. After the war, the millions of landless southern white people were competing with millions of landless black people for work as farm laborers on the land of others. Continued…

32. Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas

33. The Life of a Freedman • The South was desperate for workers • Most former slaves who could leave did • Most who stayed in South became sharecroppers or tenant farmers • Worked another person’s land • Had free or reduced rent in exchange for tending crops • Received part of profit- if any was made

34. Economic Effects on South • The labor force changed • Cotton harvest changed from 90% slave labor to 40% white tenant farmers • Emphasis now on cash crops • Cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane rather than food • The South became dependent upon imports of food • Cycle of debt was established • Poverty in all classes and races • Rise of merchant class in South • New stores sold goods on credit

35. The Cycle of Sharecropping TRANSPARENCY Transparency: The Cycle of Sharecropping

36. Black Codes • After Southern states met Johnson’s requirements they one-by-one rolled back civil rights laws • Many southern states instituted Black Codes as a way of getting around requirements • Set curfews, created vagrancy laws, set year-long contract minimums, limited black women’s right to work, restricted renting to cities…

38. Major Reconstruction Legislation, 1865-1870 QUICK STUDY Quick Study: Major Reconstruction Legislation 1865-1870

39. Andrew Johnson Cartoons

40. Johnson as Caesar: “Treason is a crime and must be punished"

41. The 1st Presidential Impeachment • The House of Representatives filed charges of impeachment against Johnson • The House voted ‘yes’ • The Senate held a trial and Johnson was found ‘not guilty’ by one vote • Was not convicted • Kept his office • Established the precedent that “high crimes and misdemeanors” were needed to remove a president

42. The Republican South • Not everyone in the South was a Democrat • Northerners who moved South to take advantage of the situation for profit were called “carpetbaggers” • Even more hated were the “Scalawags • Southerners who joined the Republican party or who were former Whigs

43. Analyzing Political Cartoons: The Burden of Reconstruction TRANSPARENCY Analyzing Political Cartoons: The Burden of Reconstruction

44. Sharecropping Cycle of Poverty CHART Chart: Sharecropping Cycle of Poverty

45. Percentage of sharecropped farms by county MAP Map: Percentage of sharecropped farms by county

46. Terror Groups • White Southerners unhappy with their new way of life created “political clubs” to complain about politics • These soon evolved into terrorist groups • KKK, The Knights of the White Camilla… • Used tactics such as intimidation, threats, and violence against freedmen, carpetbaggers, and scalawags • Effective at stopping progression in South

48. Stopping the Klan • President Grant requested that Congress pass a series of laws outlawing hate groups and their tactics • The Enforcement Act of 1870 • Used federal troops to stop the violence, but once the troops withdrew the terror started again

49. President Ulysses S. Grant

50. The End of ReconstructionSection 3 • How and why did Reconstruction end? • Vocabulary: Redeemer Rutherford B. Hayes Compromise of 1877