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HOW DOES THE PERIODIC TABLE LOOK LIKE?

II PERIODS/SERIES ( horizontal row) - has same core elements and number of main energy levels. HOW DOES THE PERIODIC TABLE LOOK LIKE?. I GROUP/FAMILY (vertical column) have similar chemical properties. Group 1A – Alkali Metals soft , malleable; lustrous, good conductors

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HOW DOES THE PERIODIC TABLE LOOK LIKE?

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  1. II PERIODS/SERIES (horizontal row) - has same core elements and number of main energy levels HOW DOES THE PERIODIC TABLE LOOK LIKE? I GROUP/FAMILY(vertical column) have similar chemical properties

  2. Group 1A – Alkali Metals • soft, malleable; lustrous, good conductors • MOST REACTIVE family of metals

  3. TRIVIA Lithium NO MORE The soft drink Seven-Up originally contained lithium citrate. The lithium was claimed to give the beverage healthful benefits including “an abundance in energy, enthusiasm, a clear complexion, lustrous hair, and shining eyes!” The lithium was removed from the beverage in the early 1950’s about the same time that the ANTIPSYCHOTIC action of lithium was discovered.

  4. Group 2A – Alkaline Earth higher densities and melting points than alkali metals; NOT as reactive as alkali

  5. Group 3A Boron Family - except for Boron which is a metalloid the rest of the elements are considered metals.

  6. Group 4A Carbon Family • They all have 4 valence electrons. • They react in similar ratios with oxygen and other elements. • They can form up to 4 bonds – more than any other family!! • Germanium is a metalloid

  7. Group 5A Nitrogen Family • Nitrogen and phosphorus are nonmetals. • Arsenic is a metalloid with mostly nonmetallic properties. • Antimony is a metalloid with mostly metallic properties. • Bismuth is the most metallic element in the family. • All members of the nitrogen family have five electrons in their outermost energy level. • These elements lose electrons easily.

  8. Group 6A Oxygen Family/ Calcogens • All of these have six electrons in their outermost energy level. • Their properties go from nonmetallic in oxygen and sulfur • Selenium and Tellurium are metalloids • Polonium have metallic properties

  9. Group 7A Halogens (salt-formers) - MOST REACTIVE Non-Metals - do not occur free in nature; commonly found in sea water, minerals, & living tissues • have low melting points and boiling points • In the gas phase they exist as diatomic elements • Halogens combine readily with metals to form a class of compounds known as salts

  10. Group 8A Noble gases/Inert gases - VERY INACTIVE elements - used in balloons, scuba diving tanks, light bulbs - do not readily combine with other elements to form compounds - found in small amounts in the earth's atomsphere. - One important property of the noble gasses is their inactivity. They are inactive because their outermost energy level is full.

  11. COINAGE / TRANSITION METALS - these elements can be made into coins. - able to put more than eight electrons in the shell that is one in from the outermost shell. - can use the two outermost shells/orbitals to bond with other elements

  12. OTHER SERIES LANTHANIDE means RARE-EARTH. • They were thought not scarce or rare but VERY DIFFICULT to extract from their ores. ACTINIDE means RADIOACTIVE. • All the elements are really radioactive.

  13. CHEMICAL SYMBOLS I Alchemists(1st to use symbols for different elements) II 1808—John Daltonintroduced the framework for the symbols III JonsJakob Berzelius(1st to use letter symbols; used the 1st letter of the name of the element) * note: There are only 26 letters of the alphabet, so he added a 2nd letter to the symbol of the other elements whose sound is CONSPICUOUS when the name of the element is pronounced. Ex. Ca—Calcium; Cl– Chlorine

  14. CHEMICAL SYMBOLS IV Some symbols came from their Latin/German names: • Gold (Au) – “AURUM” • Silver (Ag) - “ARGENTUM” • Lead (Pb) - “PLUMBUM” • Potassium (K) – “KALIUM” • Tin (Sn) - “STANNUM” • Iron (Fe) – ‘FERRUM” • Mercury (Hg) – “HYDRAGYRUM” • Sodium (Na) – “NATRIUM” • Antimony (Sb) – “STIBIUM” • Copper (Cu) – “CUPRUM” • Tungsten (W) – German name “WOLFRAM”

  15. CHEMICAL SYMBOLS V NAME of the DISCOVERER OR SCIENTIST Ex. Einstenium (Es) - Einstein Mendelevium (Md) – Mendeleev VI Name of gods Ex. Thorium (Th) - Thor Vanadium (V) – Vanadis VII PLACE Ex. Francium (Fr) - France

  16. CHEMICAL SYMBOLS VIII For new elements without name yet the rule on systemic name is followed. numerical roots 0 = nil 1 = un 2 = bi 3 = tri 4 = quad 5 = pent 6 = hex 7 = sept 8 = oct 9 = enn A) roots are assembled in the order of the digits in the element’s number B) suffix = IUM added after Ex. Element 113 = un - un— tri –ium Ununtrium (Uut) Note: Final “n” of “enn” is omitted if before ‘nil”. Ex. 190 = un—enn—nil –ium (Unenilium—Uen) “i” of “bi” or “tri” omitted when it occurs before “ium”.

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