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Development of an Atomic Model: From Indirect Evidence to Subatomic Particles

This chapter explores the development of the atomic model, starting with indirect evidence and the Greek model proposed by Democritus. It covers Dalton's Atomic Theory, Thomson's Plum Pudding Model, Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment, Bohr's Model, and the Wave Model. The chapter also discusses subatomic particles, including protons, neutrons, electrons, and quarks, and explains the concept of atomic mass and isotopes. The forces within the atom, including electromagnetic force, strong force, weak force, and gravity, are also covered.

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Development of an Atomic Model: From Indirect Evidence to Subatomic Particles

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  1. Chapter 4 Notes (4) Sections 4-1,4-2

  2. I.Development of an Atomic Model *Matter: anything that has mass and volume  *Indirect Evidence: evidence you get without actually seeing or touching the object

  3. -Greek Model (Democritus) *atom: smallest particle of an element that has the prop of the element ~atomos: meaning not to be cut

  4. -Dalton’s Atomic Theory 1. All elements are composed of atoms 2. Atoms of the same element are exactly alike

  5. 3. Atoms of diff. elements are diff. 4. Compounds are formed by joining of atoms of 2 or more elements

  6. II. A Divisible Atom -Thomson’s Model: ~Plum Pudding *Electrons: - charge http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwdGFZA3WOs

  7. -Rutherford’s Model ~Gold Foil Experiment ~the atom was mostly empty space with a dense, positively charged nucleus in the center. *Nucleus: the center of the atom

  8. -Bohr Model ~electrons move in definite orbits around the nucleus

  9. -Wave Model (Today accepted model) ~electrons don’t move about in a definite path ~probable location is based on how much nrg the electron has

  10. SEE HISTORY OF THE ATOM WEBSITE • http://hi.fi.tripod.com/timeline/

  11. III. Subatomic Particles *smaller than the atom

  12. -Three main subatomic part. 1.     proton 2.     neutron 3.     electron **quarks (make up 1 & 2)**

  13. -Nucleus *center of the atom

  14. mass (amu) charge location ~proton: 1 + nucleus ~neutron: 1 +/- nucleus ~electron: 1/1836 - e- cloud

  15. *Atomic Mass Unit (amu): measures mass of subatomic part. -?? Where does it come from??

  16. -Atomic # *number of + in the nucl ~identifies the element ~never chngs

  17. -Isotopes *same # of +, but diff # of neutrons   EX: -Mass # and Atomic Mass *sum of the + and neutrons in its nucleus

  18. *Aver Atomic mass: aver of the masses of all the atoms in the sample. ~mass # - atomic# = #of neutrons

  19. III. stop 3 H Nuclear Notation 1 Hydrogen-3 Hyphenated Notation

  20. III. continue -Electrons (e-) *e- cloud: place in which e-’s are likely to be found ~location depends upon how much nrg the e- has

  21. *nrg levels: most likely location of the e-   ~2,8,8. *Valence e-: e- outer most nrg level

  22. ~Movement of e-’s: -in: lose nrg -out: gain nrg

  23. IV. Forces Within the Atom http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41-LdIFvC9I -The four forces that account for the behavior of sub part 1.     electromagnetic force *either attract or repel particles

  24. 2.     strong force *opposes electromag force of repulsion between + ~only when + are very close together

  25. 3.    weak force *key to the power of the sun ~responsible for radioactive decay ~ +/- ---> + and -

  26. 4.     gravity *weakest force known in nature ~force of attraction exerted between all objects

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