Classification of Life

1. Classification of Life Chapter 17

2. Classification of Life What am I??? What is my name???

3. Why Classify? 1.There are _______ known species of organisms 2.This is only __________ organisms that ever lived!!!!! 3.___________are still being found and identified 13 billion 5% of all New organisms

4. New Species of 2008 - 2009

5. What is Classification? 4)___________is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities 5) Classification is also known as __________ 6) __________are scientists that identify & name organisms Classification taxonomy Taxonomists

6. Benefits of Classifying 7)________________names organisms 8) Classification Prevents _____ such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish • Uses _________________for all names Accurately & uniformly misnomers same language (Latin) Sea”horse”?? I’m no horse And I’m no fish!!

7. Why Latin 10) It is a dead ___________, no one speaks it. 11) So, it doesn’t ___________! 12) It was the __________ language of the day! 13) Everybody in the world can use it, no matter what ____________they speak. language change scientific language

8. Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

9. Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists becauseit is a __________ name Scientific

10. Common names for: Mountain lion, Cougar, Deer tiger Red tiger, Catamount, Panther Latin Name: Puma concolor(scientific name)

11. Early Taxonomists 14) 2000 years ago,_________ was the first taxonomist 15) Aristotle divided organisms into two groups:____________ 16)He ________them by their_________ :land, sea, or air dwellers Aristotle plants & animals subdivided habitat

12. Early Taxonomists 17)_________, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming 18) His names were very long. The descriptions tell everything about the plant John Ray

13. Carolus Linnaeus1707 – 1778 19)18th century taxonomist 20) Classified organisms by their structure 21) Developed the naming system still used today

14. Carolus Linnaeus 22) Called the “Father of Taxonomy” 23) Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature 24) Two-word name (Genus & species)

15. Binomial nomenclature 25) Binomial nomenclature used Genus species 26) Latin or Greek 27) Italicized in print 28) Capitalize genus, but NOT species 29) Underline when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin

16. Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related?

17. Classification Groups 30)________ (taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed 31) There is a ___________of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific 32) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species Taxon hierarchy

18. Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Most Specific

19. Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Gooseberry Soup!

21. Domains 33) Broadest, most inclusive taxon 34) Three domains 35) Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Two types of BACTERIA 36) The third domain, Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and are membrane-bound organelles

22. Two Views of Life’s Organization – Domains and Kingdoms Eubacteria

23. Domain ARCHAEA 37) Live in HARSH environments 38) Found in: most are anaerobic (add) but all are heterotrophic 39) Sewage Treatment Plants 40) Thermal or Volcanic Vents 41) Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid 42) Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake)

24. ARCHAEAN

25. A Deep Sea Thermal Vent – Prime Habitat for Archaean Extremophiles

26. Prismatic Pool, Yellowstone Park – Another “Hot” Site for Archaebacteria

27. Prospecting for Archaebacteria in Yellowstone’s Obsidian Pool Although Archaea were first discovered in extreme environments, it’s important to realize they’re found everywhere, not just in harsh conditions.

28. Domain EUBACTERIA 43) Some may cause DISEASE 44) Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones 45) Important decomposers for environment 46) Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

29. Live in the intestines of animals

30. Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms 47) Protista (protozoans, algae…) 48) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) 49) Plantae (Multicellular plants) 50)Animalia (Multicellular animals)

31. Kingdom Protista 51) Most are unicellular 52) Some are multicellular 53) Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic 54) Are Aquatic

32. Kingdom Fungi 55)Multicellular, except yeast 56) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) 57) Cell walls made of chitin

33. Kingdom Plantae 58) Multicellular 59) Autotrophic 60) Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis 61) Cell walls made of cellulose

34. Kingdom Animalia 62) Multicellular 63) Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) 64) Feed on plants or animals 34

35. 5 Kingdom vs. 6 Kingdom 65) 5 Kingdom: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. 66) 6 Kingdom: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. Used today. 67) Reason to divide Monera: Bacteria had different structures in their ribosomes and their cell walls.

36. Five-Kingdom System Madder: Biology 8th Ed.

37. Six Kingdom System

39. Taxons • Most ______(genus) contain a number of similar species • The genus ______ is an exception (only contains modern humans) • Classification is based on __________ relationships genera Homo evolutionary

41. How Living Things Are Classified Kingdom • Modern taxonomists use the following classification system Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Order Order Rodentia Carnivora Mammalia Family Family Scientific Names are in LATIN!!! Caviidae Procyonidae Genus Genus Cavia Procyon Same species means they can breed!!! Species Species Caviaporcellus Procyonlotor

42. Basis for Modern Taxonomy 71) ___________ (same structure, different function don’t have common ancestors) 72) Similar _____________ patterns. 73) Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins Homologous Embryo development

43. Homologous 74) _____________ Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.

44. PhylogeneticClassification: Models 80) Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of a species Organisms are classified Within the same group!!! 81) Cladistics: Type of phylogeny that assumes that groups of organism evolve from a common ancestor, keeping unique inherited characteristics. This can be demonstrated by a cladogram.

45. 75) Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales

46. Dichotomous Keying 76)Used to ______organisms 77) Characteristics given in ________ 78) Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism identify pairs

47. Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5

48. Classifying Organisms

49. 79) Bacteria – the Most Abundant Cells Classification based on _________ shape There are more bacteria in your mouth than there have been people living since the dawn of humans.

50. A lot of bacteria are the primary 82) recyclers of materials in the environment. 83) What What Good Are Bacteria?