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Reconstruction

Reconstruction. Assassination of President Lincoln. John Wilkes Booth. Born on May 10, 1838 in Maryland; the 9th of 10 children. He was the lead in some of William Shakespeare's most famous works. He was a racist and Southern sympathizer during the Civil War.

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Reconstruction

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  1. Reconstruction

  2. Assassination of President Lincoln

  3. John Wilkes Booth • Born on May 10, 1838 in Maryland; the 9th of 10 children. • He was the lead in some of William Shakespeare's most famous works. • He was a racist and Southern sympathizer during the Civil War. • He hated Abraham Lincoln who represented everything Booth was against. • Booth blamed Lincoln for all the South's ills. • BOOTH WANTED REVENGE!!!!

  4. Booth’s Original Plan • In late summer of 1864 Booth began developing plans to kidnap Lincoln, take him to Richmond (the Confederate capital), and hold him in return for Confederate prisoners of war.

  5. What happened? • Booth began using Mary Surratt's boardinghouse to meet with his co-conspirators. • On March 17, 1865, the group planned to capture Lincoln who was scheduled to attend a play at a hospital located on the outskirts of Washington. • However, the President changed plans and remained in the capital. Thus, Booth's plot to kidnap Lincoln failed.

  6. Lincoln Shot…. • Booth put his derringer behind Lincoln's head near the left ear and pulled the trigger.

  7. "Sic SemperTyrannis" • Booth jumped 11 feet to the stage below. • When he hit the floor he snapped the fibula bone in his left leg just above the ankle. • Many in the theatre thought he yelled "Sic SemperTyrannis" (Latin for "As Always to Tyrants“ • Booth flashed his knife at the audience, and he made his way across the stage in front of more than 1,000 people. • Everything happened so fast no one had time to stop him.

  8. Back in Washington…. • After he examined Lincoln's head wound, army surgeon Charles A. Leale warned that the president would not survive a carriage ride to the White House. • Lincoln was carried across Tenth Street to the home of William Petersen, a German merchant-tailor. The Peterson House

  9. Lincoln dies…. • Dr. Robert King Stone, the Lincoln's family doctor, arrived around 11:00 P.M., but there was little that anyone could do. • The many doctors present knew that the president would not recover. • Lincoln never again regained consciousness. • He died at 7:22 A.M. on April 15, 1865.

  10. Wanted Men!!! • The morning of Lincoln's death, over two thousand soldiers rode out of Washington, D.C., in pursuit of the assassin. • Eleven days later, April 26, 1865, a group of soldiers and detectives tracked Booth down on Garrett farm near Port Royal, Virginia.

  11. John Wilkes Booth http://www.history.com/topics/john-wilkes-booth/videos#lincoln-behind-the-assassination • http://www.history.com/topics/john-wilkes-booth/videos#lincoln-after-the-assassination

  12. John Wilkes Booth and other co-conspirators are sentenced to death by hanging.

  13. Reconstruction Between 1865 and 1877, the federal government carried out a program to repair the damage to the South and restore the southern states to the Union. This program was known as Reconstruction.

  14. Life after the War • Freedmen(freed slaves) were starting out their new lives in a poor region with slow economic activity. • Plantation owners lost slave labor worth $3 billion. • Poor white Southerners could not find work because of new job competition fromFreedmen. • The war had destroyed two thirds of the South’s shipping industry and about 9,000 miles of railroad.

  15. Johnson V. Radical Republicans • Johnson had the overwhelming task of putting the country back together. • Radical Republicans in Congress, led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, wished to punish the South. Stevens Sumner

  16. President Andrew Johnson • Remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War. • Lincoln chose him as his VP to help with the South’s Reconstruction. • Supported Lincoln’s Plan • Engaged in a power struggle with Congress over who would lead the country through Reconstruction. • Would be impeached but not removed from office.

  17. Presidential Reconstruction • Johnson’s plan to readmit the South was considered too gentle. • Amnesty:Presidential pardon • Rebels sign an oath of allegiance • 10% of the population • Even high ranking Confederate officials • Write new state Constitutions • approve the 13th Amendment • reject secession and state’s rights • submit to U.S. Government authority • No mention of • Education for freedmen • Citizenship and voting rights

  18. Presidential Reconstruction • 13th Amendment: abolish slavery in the United States. • “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude … shall exist within the United States.”

  19. Congressional Reconstruction Radical Republicans (Harsh) • Amnesty : Presidential pardon • oath of allegiance---50% • high ranking Confederate officials • lose voting rights if you don’t sign oath • Write new state Constitutions • Ratify: 13, 14 & 15 Amendments • reject secession and state’s rights • submit to U.S. Government authority • Help for Freedmen • Freedmen’s Bureau for education • 40 acres and a mule • Divide the South into 5 military districts

  20. Radical Republicans • 13th amendment : abolish slavery • 14th Amendment: On June 13, 1866, Congress passed the 14th Amendment, granting full citizenship to all individuals born in the United States. This amendment, ratified 2 yrs later, extended to all citizens “equal protection of the laws.” Blacks now had both citizenship and the protection of the federal government. • Yet, because state governments determined an individual’s right to vote, blacks in the South were barred from voting, even though they now held citizenship.

  21. Radical Republicans • 15th amendment: On February 26, 1869, Congress proposed the 15th Amendment to the states: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied.”It was ratified on February 3, 1870.

  22. Freedman Bureaus • In March 1865, Congress established the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, soon after known as the Freedmen’s Bureau, to meet the needs of formerly enslaved people. • Established within the Department of War, the job of the Freedmen’s Bureau was to provide essential goods, land, shelter, education, and medical care for “freedmen.” • Significantly, it was charged with establishing schools, and negotiating labor contracts for freedmen in search of work.

  23. Freedmen’s Bureau • By 1872, the Freedmen’s Bureau had helped to set up about 1,000 schools, and it also established black colleges, including the Augusta Institute in 1867, which later became Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia. Notable graduates of Morehouse College include Martin Luther King Jr.

  24. Freedmen’s Bureau • President Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 • Gave $$$$ to Freedmen’s Bureau for schools and granted citizenship to the Freedmen • Congress believed Johnson was working against Reconstruction and overrode his veto. • 1868 House of Representatives impeached Pres. Johnson • Led to the 14th Amendment

  25. Tenure in Office Act • Brought up on 11 charges of high crimes and misdemeanors. • Tenure in Office Act: Law Congress passed. President can’t fire any of his cabinet members without consulting Congress. • fired Edwin Stanton • Missed being removed from office by 1 vote

  26. Reconstruction Act • Once Johnson is impeached, Congress passes Reconstruction Act of 1867. • The South would be reconstructed under the Radical Republicans plan. • Republicans would elect Grant as their President and he would carry out the Radical Reconstruction. • “The Strong Government”, 1869-1877. Grant enforcing the Reconstruction Act of 1867and “forcing”the South to change.

  27. Black Codes • Meanwhile, the South was renewing efforts to restrict the rights of black people. • In 1865 and 1866, Southern legislatures passed a series of laws known as black codes. • Vagrancy laws allowed authorities to arrest and fine unemployed blacks, who then had to work for free to pay off the fines. • Blacks were banned from owning farmland. • Minors could be “indentured” until the age of 21. • Later when Congress put the southern states under military law, the states’ new governments overturned all black codes.

  28. Jim Crow Laws • Following ratification of the 14th amendment in 1868, Southern states created a series of laws known as Jim Crow laws. • These laws separated blacks from whites in prisons, transportation, hospitals, restaurants, and schools, and all aspects of society for 100 years. • Bigotry also ran high in the North, as blacks competed with whites for jobs and housing

  29. KKK • The Ku Klux Klan, formed in 1866 by members of former slave patrols, terrorized African Americans as a way to maintain the segregation and disenfranchisement of blacks. • Ku Klux Klan refers to a secret society or an inner circle • Organized in 1867, in Polaski, Tennessee by Nathan Bedford Forrest. • Represented the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers • Disrupted Reconstruction as much as they could. • Opposed Republicans, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags and Freedmen.

  30. KKK • ALL HATED BY THE KKK • CarpetbaggersNortherners/Republicans sent to help reconstruct the South…. • ScalawagsSoutherners who helped Carpetbaggers • Freedmen Blacks who tried to vote or were involved in the reconstruction of their states governments.

  31. Southern Reaction to 15th Amendment • In response to the 15th amendment passed on February 26, 1869. Many blacks gathered in the growing number of black churches to learn about their right to vote. • The South, however, was busy passing new voting restrictions that applied to black and white men who didn’t own property. These include poll taxes, grandfather clauses and literacy tests.

  32. Corrupt Bargain • 1876 Election • Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes. • Special Commission gives votes to Hayes. • Hayes wins the election • Democrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President

  33. Corrupt Bargain • The election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 are referred to as the Corrupt Bargain. • The Democrats and Republicans work out a deal to recognize Hayes as President • In return, President Hayes must end Reconstruction and pull the Union troops out of the South. • Once this happens, there is no protection for the Freedmen and the South will regain their states and go back to the way it was. Hayes Tilden

  34. Corrupt Bargain • Agreement between Democrats and Republicans • Hayes pulls the troops out of the South. • Southerners take over their state governments called “REDEEMERS” • Successes Freedmen would be lost because Southerners would take over their state governments. • Jim Crow laws kept Blacks from voting and becoming equal citizens.

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