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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cornell Notes

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cornell Notes. Essential Question: How are proteins constructed?. I. GENERAL INFORMATION . Purpose – to use the instructions in DNA to form a protein One instruction = a gene Chromatin has many genes Chromatin may not leave the nucleus. II. TRANSCRIPTION .

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cornell Notes

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  1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cornell Notes Essential Question: How are proteins constructed?

  2. I. GENERAL INFORMATION • Purpose – to use the instructions in DNA to form a protein • One instruction = a gene • Chromatin has many genes • Chromatin may not leave the nucleus

  3. II. TRANSCRIPTION A. Purpose – to make a copy of the one gene from the DNA B. Name of copy = messenger RNA

  4. C. How RNA differs from DNA DNA RNA Many genes, long molecule, hundreds of thousands of nucleotides one gene, short molecule, hundreds of nucleotides Shape = straight single strand Shape = double helix

  5. RNA Sugar = deoxyribose Sugar = ribose DNA Bases are A, U, C, G Bases are A, T, C, G RNA is a temporary molecule – it is used only a few times and then broken down. DNA is a permanent molecule – it is never taken apart and is used over and over.

  6. RNA Found in nucleus, cytoplasm, and ribosome Found in nucleus only DNA Only one type Three types: Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

  7. D. Steps In Transcription • Open one part (one gene) of the DNA molecule. • Copy one side of the DNA molecule using RNA nucleotides. • Close DNA. It stays in the nucleus. • mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome.

  8. Page 296

  9. Using your previous DNA/mRNA… • Write the following DNA bases: A C C C G T A T C Write the complementary bases below. Write the complementary mRNA on the top strand of DNA.

  10. Answer mRNA U G GG C A U A G DNA template A C CC G T A T C Complementary T G GG C A T A G strand

  11. III. TRANSLATION • Purpose – to use the mRNA instructions to form a protein • Protein – polymer made from many amino acids. • Amino acids – 20 types

  12. D. Steps in Translation • mRNA goes into the ribosome. Only 6 bases fit at a time. • The bases are read 3 at a time. A set of 3 bases is called a CODON. The codon is a code for one of the amino acids. example UUA = Leucine

  13. Page 298

  14. Draw lines through the mRNA to show where the codons are located. • Read the first codon and use the genetic code to find out what amino acid is needed. • Continue with codon 2 and 3.

  15. U G G G C A U A G

  16. ANSWER Ala Try Stop U G G G C A U A G

  17. Page 301

  18. The complementary anticodon bonds with the codon of the mRNA. 3. tRNA (transfer RNA) brings the proper amino acid. Page 299

  19. 4. mRNA moves through the ribosome and tRNA continues to deliver amino acids. 5. Amino acids are bonded together using covalent bonds called peptide bonds. 6. Protein is released. mRNA is broken apart into nucleotides which return to the nucleus.

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  22. Codon ___ tRNA ___ Anticodon ___ mRNA ___ rRNA ___ DNA ____ Ribosome ___ Translation ___ Transcription __ Process that copies DNA into RNA Makes up ribosome Transports amino acids Place where proteins are made Complete set of instructions Set of three bases on mRNA Copy of one DNA gene Process that makes a protein from mRNA instructions Set of three bases on tRNA Match the term to the definition.

  23. Answers • 1. F • 2. C • 3. I • 4. G • 5. B • 6. E • 7. D • 8. H • 9. A

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