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America's Fear of Red: The Red Scare Era (1919-1920)

Dive into the era of the Red Scare when fear of "red" Russia led to a nationwide crusade against left-wingers, resulting in anti-red statutes, deportations, and the rise of the KKK. Learn about the Palmer Raids, Sacco and Venzetti case, immigration quotas, prohibition challenges, gangsterism, gains in education, and the Scopes Monkey Trial.

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America's Fear of Red: The Red Scare Era (1919-1920)

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  1. The Red Scare (1919-1920) 11 Your Initials Pg. 720-721

  2. ID: Fear of “red” Russia after Bolshevik Revolution colors American thoughts; Results in nationwide crusade against left-wingers whose Americanism was suspect Significance: • Anti-red statues passes • Unlawful to advocate violence to secure social change • Leads to deportation of 249 alleged radicals to Russia • 5 elected members of NY legislature were denied seats because they were socialists • Used by conservative businessmen to break unions

  3. Mitchell Palmer & • The Palmer Raids 11 Your Initials Pg. 720-721

  4. ID: Palmer was Attorney General who goes after communists; known as the fighting Quaker Significance: • Easily “saw red” • Had a bomb go off in his home • Rounds up more than 6,000 suspected communists

  5. Sacco and Venzetti 11 Your Initials Pg. 721

  6. ID: Italian Immigrants charged with the murder of a Mass. Paymaster Significance: • Reflective of anti-foreignism • Seen as “judicial lynching” • Convicted and sentenced to death • Questions about judges and jurors being biased against them because they were immigrants, atheists, anarchists and draft dodgers • Liberals and radicals around the world rally to their defense • Evidence damaging, but maybe not enough for death penalty • Put to death in 1927

  7. Reemergence of KKK 11 Your Initials Pg. 722

  8. ID: New KKK spawned by postwar reaction mushroomed in the early 1920s Significance: • New KKK manifestation of the intolerance and prejudice plaguing people anxious about the dizzying pace of social change • It was against • Foreigners, Catholics, Blacks, Jews, Pacifist, Communist, Internationalists, Revolutionists, Bootleggers, Gamblers, Adultery, and Birth control • It was pro • Anglo-Saxon, “Native” Americans and Protestant • Up to 5 Million dues-paying members and potent influence • Strong in Midwest and “Bible Belt” South • Methods and strength lead to decent people standing to their reign of terror • Investigated by Congress for embezzling by leaders • Was a pyramid scheme

  9. Immigration Quotas 11 Your Initials Pg. 723 - 724

  10. ID: The “one hundred percent Americans recoiling at the sight of the 800,000 new immigrants coming to the U.S. after WWI; Congress steps in in 1921 then in 1924 Significance: • Emergency Quota Act of 1921 • Limits newcomers to 3% of 1910 population • Favorable to Eastern and Southern Europeans • Immigration Act of 1924 • Limits newcomers to 2% of 1890 population • Favorable to Northern Europeans • Denounced as discriminatory by Southern Europeans • No Japanese immigration • Canadians and Latin Americans exempt • Purpose to freeze America’s existing racial composition • Pivotal departure in American policy • Marks end of unrestricted immigration to the U.S.

  11. Prohibition: Problems, Evasion and positives 11 Your Initials Pg. 725 & 728

  12. ID: 18th Amendment bans alcohol Significance: • Movement led by women reformers • Popular in the West and South • Represented attack on all vices in the “wild west” • Naïve in the extreme • Problems • Enough people are against it • Enforcement • Hard to make illegal what was legal and popular • Not enough agents • Evasion • Speakeasies • Caribbean rumrunners and bootleggers from Canada • Home brew and bathtub Gin • Positives • Bank savings increased • Absenteeism in industry decreased

  13. Golden Age of Gangsterism 11 Your Initials Pg. 729-730

  14. ID: Prohibition sparks increase in gang activity to control alcohol market Significance: • Lush alcohol profits led to bribery of police • Violent wars broke out in big cities between rival gangs • Chicago is best example of lawlessness • Al Capone • Architect of St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929 • Convicted of tax evasion • Move into other “businesses” • Gambling, drugs, prostitution, “protection” • Organized crime becomes big business raking in $12 to $18 Billion • More than government took in taxes

  15. Gains in Education 11 Your Initials Pg. 730

  16. ID: States requiring students to stay in school until 16 or 18 results in more educated population Significance: • High School graduation rates double • 1 in 4 • John Dewey • Set forth principle of “learning by doing” • Believed workbench as essential as the blackboard • “education for life” should be goal of teachers • Public-health campaigns gain traction • Life expectancy improves

  17. Scopes Monkey Trial (reasons, players, verdict & outcomes) 1925 11 Your Initials Pg. 730-732

  18. ID: Fundamentalist Christians believed that teaching evolution was destroying faith in God and the Bible and contributing to moral breakdown of youth; Tennessee and other states pass anti-Darwin laws; John T. Scopes teaching evolution and is indicted for teaching evolution in 1925 Significance: • Players • Scopes: Teacher • Clarence Darrow: Brilliant defense attorney for Scopes • William Jennings Bryan: joins prosecution • Verdict • Scopes found guilty and fined $100 • Outcomes • Fundamentalists win hollow victory • Forces Christians to reconcile revelation of faith with science

  19. Creation of Mass consumption economy 11 Your Initials Pg. 732 - 733

  20. ID: Economy in recession in 1920-1921 but comes “roaring” back for the next 7 years and fundamentally changes the economy Significance: • New machines, powered by electricity, increase labor production • Beginning of advertising • New problem for business: could they find people to buy their products • Advertising is born • Possess today and pay tomorrow • Borrowing and installment plans help consumers buy new products • Refrigerators, vacuums, cars, radios • Sports become big business • Babe Ruth and Jack Dempsey draw large crowds

  21. Henry Ford and perfection of assembly line 11 Your Initials Pg. 733-734

  22. ID: Ford expands on the efficiency techniques of Frederick W. Taylor’s Scientific management Significance: • Dedicated himself to the gospel of standardization • You can have his car in any color as long as it was black • Ford develops the Model T (aka – Tin Lizzie) • Cheap, reliable • Drives down costs to the point where “average” worker could afford one

  23. Impact of automobiles on country 11 Your Initials Pg. 734-735

  24. ID: Impact of the self-propelled carriage on various aspects of American life was tremendous. Significance: • Emergence of huge industry • Creates thousands of new jobs • Spawns new or expansion of industries • Oil, Glass, rubber, fabrics, highway construction, garages, gas stations • Competition for railroads • Acceleration of markets • Produce moved into cities at reasonable prices • Benefits farmers • Changes from luxury item to necessity • Becomes badge of freedom and equality • Spreading out of suburbs • Buses allow for consolidation of schools and churches • Traffic deaths

  25. Charles Lindbergh 11 Your Initials Pg. 736-737

  26. ID: First man to fly solo west to east across the Atlantic Ocean from New York to Paris in 1927 on his plane the Sprit of St. Louis Significance: • Trip took 33h & 39m • Boost aviation industry • Revered as national hero • “Lucky Lindy” gets ticker tape parade down Broadway • Country horrified by kidnapping of son in 1932

  27. Impact of Airplanes 11 Your Initials Pg. 737

  28. ID: Another new industry with tremendous impact on America Significance: • Provides another outlet for Americans • Another opportunity for entrepreneurs • Big business develops • Further cut into railroad business • By 1930s and 1940s airlines safer than cars • Shrinks globe • New weapon of war

  29. Impact of Radio 11 Your Initials Pg. 737

  30. ID: Guglielmo Marconi invents wireless telegraphy in 1890 and many minds create voice carrying radio Significance: • KDKA broadcasts first program in 1920 (News of Harding’s election) • Creation of commercial networks • Early radio only local, but with stronger signals national networks dominate • Knits nation together • People gather ‘round the radio for popular programs and sport events • Popular shows like Amos ‘n’ Andy • Educationally and culturally radio makes significant contribution • Politicians adjust speaking techniques; importance of newscasters and music of famous artists and orchestras beamed into homes

  31. Development of movie industry 11 Your Initials Pg. 738

  32. ID: Edison and others working with “moving picture shows” as early as 1890; takes off with first real movie The Great Train Robbery in 1903 Significance: • Featured in Nickelodeons (five cent theaters) • 1915 – First full-length feature Birth of a Nation • Glorified KKK of Reconstruction era • Hollywood in Southern California becomes center of industry • Early films force producers to enforce rigorous code of censorship • Film used as successful propaganda during World War I • 1927 – First “talkie” – The Jazz Singer • Quickly becomes popular and eclipses all other forms of amusement • “Standardization” of culture, particularly among immigrant groups

  33. “Liberation” of Women 11 Your Initials Pg. 738,740

  34. ID: Women continue to exert their growing independence after World War I Significance: • 19th Amendment gives Women the right to vote • Women continue to find opportunities in the workpalce • Often in “women’s work” – retail clerks, office typing • Organized birth control movement • Margaret Sanger • Alice Paul pushes for Equal Rights Amendment

  35. Flappers 11 Your Initials Pg. 740

  36. ID: Symbol of liberated women of the 1920s Significance: • High hemlines and short haircuts • Danced “crazy” dances like the Charleston • Kissed boys

  37. Birth of Jazz 11 Your Initials Pg. 741

  38. ID: Jazz moves up from New Orleans along with migrating blacks during World War I Significance: • Combination of different forms of music • Blues, Gospel, Ragtime, Minstrel shows • True American Art Form

  39. Harlem Renaissance 11 Your Initials Pg. 741; Infoplease.com

  40. ID: Harlem section of New York City one of the largest black populations in the world with over 100,000 residents spark a new racial pride in culture and produces vibrant contributions to arts Significance: • Political Activist Marcus Garvey • United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) to promote resettlement of American blacks back to “African homeland” • Literary Roots • The orig. manuscript of Hughes's Ballad of Booker T.Black-owned magazines and newspapers flourished, freeing African Americans from the constricting influences of mainstream white society. • Charles S. Johnson's Opportunity magazine became the leading voice of black culture, and W.E.B. DuBois's journal, The Crisis, launched the literary careers of such writers as Arna Bontemps, Langston Hughes, and Countee Cullen. • Other luminaries of the period included writers Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, Jean Toomer, Rudolf Fisher, Wallace Thurman, and Nella Larsen. • The movement was in part given definition by two anthologies: James Weldon Johnson's The Book of American Negro Poetry and Alain Locke's The New Negro.

  41. Literary contributions: Authors and themes 11 Your Initials Pg.

  42. ID: Decade after WWI, a new generation of writers burst on the scene, many with different regional and ethnic backgrounds; exhibited energy of youth, ambition of youthful outsiders; bestowed on American literature a new vitality, imaginativeness and artistic quality Significance: • H.L. Mencken: patron saint of many young authors and attacked traditional values and standards • F. Scott Fitzgerald – The Great Gatsby • Commentary on the self made man and role of society • Earnest Hemingway • Wrote honestly about war in The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms • William Faulkner • Fictional chronicle of an imaginary, Deep-south county • Poets: • Ezra Pound: influenced Eliot • T.S. Eliot: “The Waste Land” one of most influential poems of the century • Robert Frost: Writes about New England • e.e. cummings: use unorthodox methods to produce startling poetical effecte • Eugene O’Neill: Prodigious playwright • Frank Lloyd Wright: Architect

  43. Economic signs of a crash 11 Your Initials Pg. 744

  44. ID: While the 20s are “roaring” along, there are underpinnings of a weak economy Significance: • Hundreds of bank failed annually • Real estate speculation • Buying stock on margin • Budget deficits • Little oversight

  45. Buying Stock on Margin 11 Your Initials Pg.

  46. ID: Borrowing money to buy stocks Significance: • If stock goes up you pay back borrowed money and keep profits • If stock goes down you need to pay for the borrowed amount • Allows for more participation in the stock market • Many looking for “hot tips” to get rich quick (think the gold rush) • No real government oversight of industry

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