Notes on Biological Principles

1. Notes on Biological Principles Biology - Science of life Greek – “bios” = life “logos” = study of What makes something alive?

2. “old school” Biology / \ Botany Zoology (study of plants) (study of animals)

3. More Divisions of Biology Note: asterisks = divisions we will study in this class Microbiology – study of microorganisms *Genetics – study of heredity *Ecology – study of the interactions of living organisms and their environment

4. *Evolution – study of change in populations over multiple generations *Taxonomy – study & organization of biodiversity *Cytology – study of cells

5. Nine Life Activities that occur in all living things: 1. Nutrition – getting food

6. 2. Digestion – chemical changing of food into a form that is useable

7. 3. Absorption – getting water, ions, and/or food from the environment 4. Biosynthesis (assimilation) – using food and absorbed materials to make new life substances Living things grow and develop

8. 5. Respiration – process by which food is oxidized to release and repackage energy

9. 6. Excretion – separation of waste products (from metabolism) from the organism 7. Secretion – manufacturing of special chemicals (hormones and vitamins) which affect other cells

10. 8. Response – change due to stimuli from environment (ex: heat, light, or pressure) • another term for response - irritability • example of irritability - locomotion

11. 9. Reproduction – cells dividing to produce new cells/ individuals Can be asexual or sexual Governed by a universal genetic code

12. Levels of organization in living organisms: A. Protoplasm: The organized chemicals and chemical activity in any living thing(s) that make life possible

13. Metabolism – the sum total of all chemical reactions which build up and tear down complex molecules Protoplasm is where metabolism happens!

14. Protoplasm is life Only living organisms organize protoplasm – “stuff of life”

15. Life activities occur in protoplasm • Homeostasis is maintained by and for the protoplasm • Dogs pant • We produce insulin to lower blood sugar • We breathe out CO2 and take in O2 • All life activities involve energy

16. B. Cells nucleus cytoplasm cell membrane Organisms can be unicellular or multicellular.

17. C. Tissues – cells that are alike in structure and function 4 types of human tissues: nervous muscular epithelial connective Add their functions to your notes

18. D. Organs – several tissues working together as a unit

19. Organ Systems – 11 Human Body • Systems & their basic functions 1. Digestive - nutrition

20. 2. Reproductive – production of a new individual

21. 3. Excretory – filters blood, removes wastes

22. 4. Endocrine – regulates body, functions by hormones

23. 5. Skeletal – body support & protection of organs

24. 6. Muscular - movement

25. 7. Circulatory – transportation of food, wastes & other solutes

26. 8. Nervous – sends and receives messages to control and coordinate the body

27. 9. Respiratory – takes in O2 and removes CO2

28. 10. Integumentary – protection (example – skin)

29. 11. Immune – protects against and fights disease

30. F. Organism

31. Levels of Organization Individual living thing Organism Bison Groups of Cells Tissues, organs, and organ systems Nervous tissue Brain Nervous system Smallest functional unit of life Cells Nerve cell Groups of atoms; smallest unit of most chemical compounds Molecules Water DNA (Smallest)

32. Levels of Organization Biosphere (Largest) The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems *J. Biomes & Biosphere Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air Community and its nonliving surroundings *I. Ecosystem Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass Populations that live together in a defined area *H. Community Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area *G. Population Bison herd

33. Review of Measurement Science uses metric measurement Base units: weight = gram measurement of liquid = liter measurement of length = meter

34. Practice Problems: • 90 cm= __________mm • 60 mL= __________ cL • 12.2mg= _________ g • 602 m= __________mm • 0.51L= __________ mL 900 6 .0122 602000 510

35. A correct measurement will have exact numbers and one final estimated digit; The number of digits in a correct measurement depends on the tool being used.

36. Answer: 41.63 cm 416.3 mm 0.4163 m

37. Answer: 373.32 g

38. Answer: 52.7 mL

39. Notes on Scientific Method

40. Goal of Science – investigate and understand nature • Science is an organized use of evidence to learn about the natural world • Science starts with observations – information gathered using the senses (data)

41. 2 forms for gathering information 1. Quantitative – uses numbers (counting and measuring) 2. Qualitative – uses the senses inferences – interpretation based on what you already know

42. Scientific Method – a logical, organized method of study (used to establish scientific principles)

43. 5 Steps to the Scientific Method 1. State the problem Hmmm? State the Problem

44. State the Problem What question will your experiment answer?

45. 2. Make an educated guess, hypothesis, about the answer based on what is known about the problem Known Hypothesize

46. Hypothesis It is written as an “if” “then” statement Ex: If we turn the heat up on the stove, then the water will boil.

47. 3. Design and conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis Experiment

48. Controlled Experiments – must have 2 groups a. control – under normal conditions, key factor is not allowed to change b. Experimental – exposed to a variable

49. 4. Analyze the data collected during the experiment Collect and Record Data

50. Analyze the data collected during the experiment What did the experiment show you?