Cold War and Postwar Hostility

The Cold War and Postwar Hostility &Tension Coach Ross American History

Satellite States • Satellite States: _______ which, _____ _____ ___ __, were _______ ___________ by the Soviet Union and adopted __________ governments. Most of _______ Europe, including ______, Czechoslovakia, ______, Romania, _______, and ____Germany, fell under Soviet control.

Iron Curtain • Term first used by _______ _________ to describe Soviet __________ of Eastern ______. • The “Iron Curtain” ________ the entrance of Western _____ to the ____ & did not allow east __________ to _______ to the _____ during the ____ ___.

Truman Doctrine • U.S. _______ ______ during the Cold War. • The United States gave ________ aid to nations __________ against __________ movements in an effort to keep __________ from _________.

George F. Kennan / Containment • George F. Kennan – American ________ and _______ authority on the ________ ______; In 1947 Kennan’s article titled “The Sources of Soviet ______” presented a blueprint for the American ____ towards the _______ _____known as __________. • Containment – The U.S. ____ to keep _________ _________ within its _______ _______.

Marshall Plan • (1948) Named for its creator, Secretary of State John C. ________. • Under the Plan the United States ______ about $__ _______ in ______ and ____to nations in ________ Europe to help them _______ following World War II & ________ __________ governments.

Berlin Airlift • (June 1948 – May 1949) ____ and ______ planes ________ Democratic _____ _____ with ____, ____, _______ _____, ______, and other necessities through ________ deliveries, __________ Stalin’s attempt to _______the city, which was located in the ______ of __________ East Germany.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) / Warsaw Pact • NATO – (1949) ___ alliance of 12 __________ _______ European and North _________ nations which agreed to ______ Western Europe from Soviet _________. • Warsaw Pact – (1955) ________ alliance of the Soviet Union and its _________ _______ which _______ to defend one another if ________.

Reflection #1 • Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Section 1: • How would having control over satellite states benefit the Soviet Union if it became involved in a European war? (At least 1 sentence) • How did U.S. foreign policy after World War II differ from U.S. foreign policy after World War I? (At least 2 sentences) • What options besides containment might Truman have considered in response to Soviet expansion? (At least 1 option and 1 sentence)

Jiang Jieshi / Mao Zedong • Jiang Jieshi – (AKA Chiang Kai-Shek) ____________ leader of China who, though _________ by the U.S., was _________ in the Chinese Civil War and forced to flee to Taiwan in 1949.

Mao Zedong • Mao Zedong – Chinese __________ who, after nearly 20 years of war, _______ in _______ the People’s _______ of China in 1949, a communist ______ allied with the ______ ______.

Reflection #2Why did American aid to Jiang’s Nationalists fail to prevent Mao’s communists from taking control of China? (At least 1 sentence) • Before ______ invaded _____ in 1937, Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi, known in the United States as Chiang Kai-Shek, had been fighting a _____ ____ against __________ led by Mao Zedong. • Although Jiang and Mao ________ joined forces in an ______ alliance to ____ Japan, the _____ ___ resumed with a new ____ after the war ended.

The Soviet Union ________ Mao, while the United States sent several Billion _______ in ___ to Jiang. • American leaders feared that Jiang’s ______ would ______ a __________ superpower _________ most of _____.

Jiang’s regime proved _______ to the task. Nationalist generals were ________ to fight. And, while masses of Chinese people faced __________, corrupt officials ________ U.S. aid _______ into their own ________. By ________ to _____ the people, ___ won _________ support.

In 1948, Mao’s forces _______ the war. Jiang ________ for American military ____________. However, the U.S. government had __ intention of _______ American ______ to support the _______ Jiang. In 1949, _____ fled the ______ ________, taking control of the large _______ island of _______. • Mao’s _______ then took _____ of the world’s most ________ country, _____.

38th Parallel • _______ at which was ___ the ________ line _______ _____ and _____ Korea _____ World War II by the U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. The ____ still _____ the _____ between the two __________ nations today.

38th Parallel……

Douglas MacArthur • General who led ________ troops in the ______ War. From September to November 1950 MacArthur’s _______ succeeded in _______ _____ Korean troops to the Yalu River, its border with China, but then were _______ back to the 38th parallel by the _____ army in January 1951.

Limited War • Limited War – Military __________ fought to achieve only _______ goals; President Truman, who _________ a _______ war in ______, ______ with General _________, who argued for _____ war against _________ in Asia. • MacArthur’s ______ criticism of Truman and calls for the ___ of _______ weapons against _____ led Truman to __ him for __________ in 1951.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) • Military _______ sponsored by the ______ _____ in ____ during the ____ ___ to ____ the ______ of ________ in ____; Similar to _____, member _______ agreed that if ___ individual _____ were attacked then ___ would respond with ________ force.

Reflection #3: How did the way in which Truman handled the Korean crisis affect the powers of the presidency? (At least 1 sentence) • Truman did not ___ Congress for a _______ declaration of ___, as ____ by the __________. However, supported by the UN ___________, Truman _______ American troops who were _________ in _____ to _____ to South Korea. The soldiers were mainly _______ troops who had not been _______ for forced marches in ________ rains or heavy ______in rice paddies, nor did they have the military ________needed to stop the ________.

Truman and Korea…. • Soon, they _______ their South Korean ______ in retreating to the ________ corner of the peninsula near the city of Pusan. There, the _____ held fast. As fresh _______ and _____ arrived from _____, (Why Japan? At least 1 sentence) solders from other UN ______ joined the American and South Korean forces.

Truman And Korea • The war had an ______ long-term _____. • Truman had _________ U.S. troops to _______ without a ________ declaration of ___. • This set a _______ that future Presidents would ______.

Assignment • Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Section 2: • Why did American aid to Jiang’s Nationalists fail to prevent Mao’s communists from taking control of China? (At least 1 sentence) • How did General MacArthur’s decision to advance toward the Yalu River change the course of the Korean War? (At least 1 sentence) • How did the way in which Truman handled the Korean crisis affect the powers of the presidency? (At least 1 sentence)

Arms Race / Mutually Assured Destruction • Arms Race – Competition between _______ to achieve _________ in number and quality of _______. During the Cold War the _______ ______ and the ______ _____ engaged in the ______ arms ___ in human _____, stockpiling ______ weapons and other ______ technology. • Mutually Assured Destruction – Understanding between the ______ and the ______ that the full-scale use of nuclear weapons ____ result in the __________ of both the _______ and the _________.

John Foster Dulles / Massive Retaliation / Brinkmanship • John Foster Dulles – Secretary of State under President Eisenhower; Dulles _______ _______ the _______ _______ after WWII and, as the nation’s _____ diplomat, supported ________ nuclear _______ to prevent _______ U.S. involvement in minor _____, such as the Korean War. • Massive Retaliation – U.S. _______ ____during the Cold War; The U.S. would _______ to communist _______ to its allies by threatening to use ___________ force, including _______ weapons, _______the Soviets.

continued…….. • Brinkmanship – Dulles’ approach to _______ with the ____.; Going to the ______ of ____ in order to protect _______, discourage communist _______, and prevent war.

Nikita Khrushchev • New leader of the _____ ____ following the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953; Khrushchev was a ________ and a determined opponent of the ____, but he was not as ________ or ____ as Stalin. • In 1955 Khrushchev met with President Eisenhower in Geneva, ______both the Soviet Union and the United States ___ that the two powers could _________ co-exist.

Nationalized / Suez Crisis • Nationalized – Placing a private _______ under government ______; In 1956 the Egyptian government, led by president Gamal Nasser, ________ the Suez Canal, threatening the __of oil ___ the ______ _____ to Europe. • Suez Crisis (1956) – In response to Nasser’s nationalization of the Suez Canal, a _______ of ______, _______, and Israeli troops _____ the _____ from Egypt. U.S. President Eisenhower’s ______ to support the coalition’s _____ forced them to withdraw their _____, diffusing the crisis.

Eisenhower Doctrine • Eisenhower Doctrine – American ________ policy that the United States would use _____ to help any Middle Eastern nation _______ by ____________. This _________ would be used to _______ deploying American ______ to Middle Eastern nations __________the Cold War.

CIA • Central Intelligence Agency – Established by _______ in 1947 as an intelligence ________organization; Eisenhower approved _____ CIA operations to _____ American interests _________. In 1953 and 1954 the CIA provided ___ to rebels in _____ and Guatemala, ______ anti-___________ leaders in power, but _________ longer-term ___________ against the USA.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) • Created by ____ in 1958 to coordinate the _____ ______ efforts of American ________ and the ______; • The Soviet ______ of the first ______ (Sputnik) in 1957 _______ American interest in ______-_____, leading to a “space race” ______ the two world _________.

Assignment • Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 25, Section 3: 1. Do you think that the massive retaliation policy favored by John Foster Dulles successfully deterred the Soviet Union? Explain your answer in at least 1 sentence. 2. How were the covert operations of the CIA in Guatemala and Iran different from the military operations of the United States Army in Korea? (At least 1 sentence) 3. Were American justified in being alarmed when the Soviets launched Sputnik I ? Explain your answer in at least 1 sentence.

Red Scare / Smith Act • Red Scare – Widespread ____ of __________; During the 1940s and 1950s ______ experienced its _______ Red Scare. • Smith Act (1940) – Law which _____ teaching or _______ for the violent __________ of the US government. During the Red Scare of the 40s and 50s American ______ used the Smith Act to _______ the American __________ Party.

House Un-American Activities Committee / Hollywood Ten • House Un-American Activities Committee Established by the House of Representatives in 1938; the HUAC ________ possible _______ by fascists, Nazis, or _________ in the United States, ____ into all ______ of American ______, including the _________, armed forces, ______, education, science, and newspapers.

Hollywood ten • Hollywood Ten Group of ______ writers, directors and producers who _____ to answer _______ regarding their political _______ in front of the ____ in 1947. The ten were _____, ________ and _________ for contempt of Congress.

Alger Hiss • Alger Hiss – High-ranking _______ government official who, in 1948, was ________ of being a ______ spy. Hiss initially _____ the charges but the _____, led by California ____________ Richard Nixon, _______ evidence leading to Hiss’ conviction for _______ and arrest. .

Julius & Ethel Rosenberg • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Jewish-Americans who were ____and convicted of sending _____ of the ______ ____ to the Soviet Union; The Rosenberg's were the _____ and only _______ executed for _________ during the ____ _____of the 1950s.

Joseph R. McCarthy / McCarthyism • Joseph R. McCarthy – Wisconsin Senator who, beginning in 1950, made a series of shocking accusations that communists had infested various parts of the United States government and military. • McCarthyism – Extreme anticommunism; From 1950 to 1954 Senator McCarthy bullied and badgered witnesses, twisted testimony, and accused any who opposed him of being communists in Senate hearings. When these hearings were televised in 1954 the American people turned against McCarthy, leading to the end of the Red Scare.

McCarthyism • McCarthyism – ____ anti-________; From ____ to ____ Senator McCarthy ______ and _________ witnesses, ______ testimony, and ______ any who ______ him of being ________ in Senate hearings. When these hearings were _______ in 1954 the American people turned _____ McCarthy, leading to the ___ of the Red ______.

Assignment #4 • Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 25, Section 4: • Were Americans correct in worrying that domestic communists endangered their security? Why? (At least 1 sentence) • How do movies reflect the values of a society? (At least 1 sentence) • How effective was McCarthy’s campaign against communists in government? (At least 1 sentence)

Demobilization / GI Bill of Rights • Demobilization – Decreasing the ____ and ______ of the ______; Following the defeat of Germany and Japan in 1945 President Truman began ________, decreasing the ____ of the military by July 1946 to only 3 million troops. • GI Bill of Rights – Law enacted ____ WWII which _______ returning ________ with a year of __________payments, financial ____ to attend ______, and government _____ to buy _______ and start _________.

Baby Boom • The greatest population increase in American history; Between 1940 and 1955, the U.S. population grew 27%, from 130 to about 165 million.

How did the baby boom impact the postwar economy? (At least 1 sentence)

Baby boom cont…. • Upon their return, soldiers quickly made up for lost time by marrying and having children. Americans had put off having children because of the depression and war. Now, confident that the bad times were behind them, many married couples started families. • This led to what population experts termed a baby boom. In 1957, at the peak of the baby boom, one American baby was born every 7 seconds, a grand total of 4.3 million for the year. One newspaper columnist commented, “Just imagine how much these extra people… will absorb – in food, in clothing, in gadgets, in housing, in services…”

Taft-Hartley Act • Law which _________ workplaces in which only ______ ______ can be _____; • Congress _____ the law in ______ to an increase in _____ nationwide in order to _____ a drop in ________ following WWII.

Fair Deal • Legislative ________ announced by President Truman ______ his upset victory in the 1948 presidential election. Its ______ was to strengthen ___New Deal _______ and establish ____ programs, such as national ______ _________; however, the Republican-________ Congress ______ to support Truman’s ______, leading to a ____ in Truman’s ________.

Fair Deal

Assignment #5 • Answer the following questions based on what you have learned: • Why was the government willing to give billions of dollars in assistance to returning World War II veterans? (At least 1 sentence) • How did the baby boom impact the postwar economy? (At least 1 sentence) • After the war, Truman faced challenges with labor unions. Would you consider Truman as working for or against organized labor? Explain. (At least 1 sentence)

Levittown / Suburb • Levittown – America’s first ____-produced _____ home community, built in _____ on Long _________, New York by developer William Levitt. The _____ family _____ sold for $8,000 and ______ thousands of ____ veterans and their _____ families. Levitt’s _______ led to the ________ of hundreds of similar _______in American _______ nationwide, with 40 million ______moving to the ______ between 1940 and 1960.

Cold War and Postwar Hostility