13.5 week study guide

1. 13.5 week study guide December 6th, 2013

2. Brainteaser#38: 12-6-13 • Name the four stages of Athenian government? • Where is Rome located? • Describe the Byzantine Culture? • Baghdad fell to what group of people? • Charlemagne built what to unite the empire?

3. Monarchy, Aristocracy, Tyranny and Democracy • It centrally located in the Mediterranean basin and distant from the eastern Mediterranean powers • Continued flourishing of Greco-Romans traditions, Greek language (as contrasted with Latin in the west, Greek or Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries • The Mongols • Schools, Roads, and churches

4. 13.5 week study guide(5a) • Page1 • Aegean Sea • Macedonia to the north=Philip and Alexander • Limited • Hellenistic • Barter economy • City-states • Civic • Colonization

6. 5b • Page 2 • Polytheistic Religion • Explanations, human qualities • Life events • Zeus • Hera • God of music, healing, property: Apollo

7. 5c • Free male adults • Women and Foreigners • Monarchy • Aristocracy • Tyranny • Democracy Solon=began of democracy

8. 5c • Direct democracy-all citizens participate • Public debate-in the agora • Duties of the citizen Small Social militaristic

9. 5d • 499-449 • Sparta • Aegean • Athens • 431-404 • Delian • Peloponnesian • Political=sets the stage for the Macedonian Invasion

10. 5e • Democracy • Equal • Persian • Parthenon=temple to honor Athena

11. 5f • Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocies • Poetry: Homer(Illad and Odyssey) • History Herodotus( Father of History), Thucydides( History Repeats itself) • Sculpture: Phidias • Types of columns: Doric(plain), Ionic(little more elaborate) and Corinthian(very elaborate)

12. 5f • Science: Archimedes(Lever), Hippocrates(Father of Medicine) • Mathematics: Euclid, Pythagoras( Pythagorean theorem) • Philosophy: Socrates(questions?), Plato( the Academy) and Aristotle.

13. 5g • Philip II, King of Macedon, conquered most of Greece • Alexander the great Established an empire from Greece to Egypt and the margins of India Extended Greek cultural influences Hellenistic Age: Blend of Greek and Oriental elements Spread of Hellenistic culture through trade

14. 6a • Rome: Centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers • Italian Peninsula • Alps: Protection • Mediterranean Sea: Protection, sea-borne, trade

16. 6b • Roman Mythology • Based on the Greek Polytheistic Religion • Explanations of natural phenomena, Human qualities and life events • Roman gods and goddesses: • Jupiter(King of the Gods), Juno( His wife), Apollo(God of the sun), Diana(Goddess of the hunt), Minerva(Goddess of Wisdom), Venus(Goddess of Beauty)

17. 6b • Symbols and images in Literature, art and architecture

18. 6c Social Structure in the Roman Republic: • Patricians: Powerful nobility of Rome(Few in number) • Plebeians: Majority of population • Slaves: Not based on Race Citizenship: Patrician and Plebeian men, Selected foreigners, Rights and Responsibilities of citizenship(ex. Taxes, Military service)

19. 6c • Representative Democracy-Elected officials • Assemblies • Senate( Law making body of Rome) • Consuls( two ruled together, Head of gov’t, Ruled the army and directed the gov’t, one consul could veto the other • Laws of Rome codified as Twelve Tables

20. 6d • Punic Wars: Rome v. Carthage( 264-146 B.C) Rome and Carthage were in competition for Trade Hannibal invaded the Italian Peninsula Three wars resulted in Roman Victory, the destruction of Carthage and expanded trade and wealth for Rome

21. 6d Evolution of the Roman Empire and spread of Roman culture: • Mediterranean Basin( Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenistic world of the eastern Mediterranean) • Western Europe(Gaul, British Isles)

22. 6e • Causes for the decline of the Roman Republic: • Spread of slavery in the agricultural system • Migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment • Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar • Devaluation of roman currency: inflation

23. 6f • The origin and evolution of Imperial Rome • First Triumvirate( Caesar, Crassus, Pompey) • Julius Caesar: Seizure of Power, assassination by senate, ides of march, senate were afraid of his power • Augustus Caesar: Civil War, defeat of Marc Anthony, Rome’s first emperor • Empire: Unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the military

24. 6f • Failure to provide for peaceful succession of Emperors.

25. 6g • The PaxRomana: • Two hundred years of peace and prosperity under imperial rule • Expansion and solidification of the Roman empire, particularity in the near east

26. 6g Economic impact of the PaxRomana • Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade • Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman Roads • Promoted prosperity and stability

27. 6g Social impact of the PaxRomana • Returned stability to social classes • Increased emphasis on the family Political impact of the PaxRomana • Created a civil service • Developed a uniformed rule of law

28. 6h Christianity: • Had its roots in Judaism • Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was proclaimed the Messiah( Jesus the founder of Christianity) • Conflicted with Polytheistic beliefs of Roman Empire

29. 6h Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Christianity: • Monotheism • Jesus as both son and incarnation of God • Life after death • New testament, containing accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early Christians • Christian doctrines established by early church councils

30. 6h Spread of Christianity: • Popularity of the message: gave hope to all people including women • Early Martyrs inspired others • Carried by the Apostles, including Paul throughout the Roman Empire

31. 6i • Impact of the Church of Rome in the late Roman Empire • The Emperor Constantine_________________ converted to Christianity and made it legal. • Christianity later became the official state religion. • The Church became a source of ____Moral__________ authority. • Loyalty to the Church became more important than loyalty to the _________Emperor_______. • The Church became the main unifying force of ______Western_______ Europe

32. 6j • Contributions of ancient Rome • Art and ___Architecture_______________: Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum • Technology: Roads, aqueducts, Roman arches • Science: Achievements of Ptolemy • Medicine: Emphasis on public ___Health_________ (public baths, public water systems, medical schools) • Language: Latin, Romance languages • Literature: Virgil’s _Aeneid_____________ • Religion: Roman mythology; adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion • Law: The principle of “_____Innocent_____________ until proven ______Guilty_______” (from the Twelve Tables)

33. 6k • Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire • _____Geographic________ size: Difficulty of defense and administration • Economy: The cost of ___Defense___________, and devaluation of Roman currency • Military: Army membership started to include _________Non-Romans_________, resulting in decline of discipline • _____Moral________ decay: People’s loss of faith in Rome and the family • Political problems: Civil conflict and weak administration • Invasion: Attacks on borders

34. 6k • Division of the Roman Empire • Move of the capital by Constantine from Rome to _________Byzantium________, renaming it Constantinople • Survival of the Western Roman Empire until 476 a.d. (c.e.), when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor • _____Eastern________ Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)

35. 7a • Protection of the ______________eastern Frontier_________________ • Distance from ___________Germanic Invasions_______________________ in the western empire • Crossroads of trade • Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordered by ________Natural Harbors___________________

36. 7a • Role of Constantinople • Seat of the _Byzantine Empire____until _________Ottoman__ conquest • Preserved classical __Greco-Roman________ culture • Center of trade

37. 7b • Codification of _Roman__________ _______Law____ (impact on European legal codes) • Reconquest of former ______Roman_____territories • Expansion of _____Trade______

38. 7c • Inspiration provided by Christian religion and imperial power • Icons (religious images) • Mosaics in public and religious structures • Hagia Sophia (a Byzantine domed church)

39. 7c • Byzantine culture • Continued flourishing of _______________Greco-Roman__________________ traditions • _____Greek______ language (as contrasted with Latin in the West) • ________Greek Orthodox Christianity or Eastern Orthodox_________________________ • ____Greek_______ and ___Roman________ knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries

40. 7d • Eastern Church • Centered in Constantinople • Close to seat of power after Constantinople became capital • Use of Greek Language

41. 7d • Western Church • Centered in __Rome_________ • Farther from seat of power after ______Constantinople_______________ became capital • Use of __Latin_________ language in the liturgy

42. 7d • Division between Western and Eastern Churches • Authority of the Pope___________ eventually accepted in the _West__________ • Authority of the ____Patriarch__________________ accepted in the East • Practices such as ____Celibacy_______ eventually accepted in the West

43. 7e • Influence of Byzantine culture on Eastern Europe and Russia • Trade routes along the black and Baltic seas • Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia and eastern Europe • Adoption of Greek alphabet for the Slavic languages by ST. Cyril • Church Architecture and religious art

45. 8a • Origins of Islam • __________Muhammad____________, the Prophet • ___Mecca________ and ______Medina_____ on the Arabian Peninsula: Early Muslim cities

46. 8a • Spread of Islam • Across Asia and ____Africa_______ and into _Spain__________ • Geographic extent of first Muslim empire

47. 8a • Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam • _______Monotheism______: Allah (Arabic word for God) • _____________Quran(Koran)____: The word of God • ______Five_____ ___Pillars________ of Islam • Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets, including ___Moses________ and ______Jesus_____

48. 8b • Geographic influences on the origin and spread of Islam • Diffusion along trade routes from ___Mecca________ and _____Medina______ • Expansion despite great distances, __Desert_________ __________Environments__ , and ______Mountain_____ barriers • Spread into the ________Fertile Crescent___ _____, Iran, and Central Asia facilitated by weak Byzantine and Persian empires

49. 8b • Geographic influences on economic, social, and political development • Political unity of the first _____Muslim______ ____Empire_______ was short-lived. • ____Arabic_______ language spread with Islam and facilitated __Trade_________ across Islamic lands. • _______Slavery____ was not based on ___Race________.

50. 8c • Historical turning points • Death of Ali: Sunni/Shia Division(over who should be in charge of Islam • Muslim Conquests of Jerusalem and Damascus • Islamic Capital moved to Baghdad • Muslim defeat Battle of Tours • Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols