Replication, Transcription, Translation

1. Replication, Transcription, Translation GHSGT Review Domain I (con’t)

2. DNA Genetic material In the nucleus Double stranded A,T C,G RNA Carries information from the nucleus to the site where proteins are made Single stranded A,U C,G Review of NUCLEIC ACIDS http://www.scq.ubc.ca/wp-content/dna.gif http://tigger.uic.edu/classes/phys/phys461/phys450/ANJUM04/RNA_sstrand.jpg

3. DNA is found in the nucleus Chromosomes are made of DNA Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes http://games.goadrich.com/images/find-dna.jpg

4. The sides of the ladder are sugar and phosphates; the rungs of the ladder are the nitrogen bases A,T,C,G http://www.mariemontschools.org/halsall/images/dna_molecule.gif

5. Click on link to view “How is RNA Different from DNA?” *You may need to hit the Escape key and maximize Windows Media Player. Biologix: Translation and Protein Synthesis. United Learning(1997). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

6. How DNA is the Master Control 1. DNA can make copies of itself= REPLICATION DNA nucleotides REPLICATION REpeats

7. How DNA Replication Occurs -T -A -C -C -G -A -T -C -G -T -T -A A- T- G- G- C- T- A- G- C- A- A- T- 1. The two DNA strands separate Nuclear membrane

8. How DNA Replication Occurs -T -A -C -C -G -A -T -C -G -T -T -A A- T- G- G- C- T- A- G- C- A- A- T- 2. Complementary bases are added to each old strand

9. How DNA Replication Occurs -T -A -C -C -G -A -T -C -G -T -T -A A- T- G- G- C- T- A- G- C- A- A- T- -T -A -C -C -G -A -T -C -G -T -T -A A- T- G- G- C- T- A- G- C- A- A- T- 2. Complementary bases are added to each old strand. Each new double-stranded DNA contains one old strand and one new strand.

10. How DNA is the Master Control TRANSCRIPTION DNA RNA nucleotides nucleotides REPLICATION REpeats

11. TRANSCRIPTION: MAKING RNA -T -A -C -C -G -A -T -C -G -T -T -A A- T- G- G- C- T- A- G- C- A- A- T- In transcription, a single strand of RNA is made from a small portion (not all) of one strand of DNA

12. How Transcription Occurs -T -A -C -C -G -A -T -C -G -T -T -A A- T- G- G- C- T- A- G- C- A- A- T-

13. How Transcription Occurs -T -A -C -C -G -A -T -C -G -T -T -A A- U G- G- C- U- A- G- C- A- A- U- 2. Complementary bases are added to one strand EXCEPT the sugar in the sides of the ladder is ribose, not deoxyribose AND there is no T used; U is used instead DNA RNA

14. How Transcription Occurs A- U G- G- C- U- A- G- C- A- A- U- -T -A -C -C -G -A -T -C -G -T -T -A The new RNA strand separates- it might be a messenger that takes the message of the DNA out of the nucleus nucleus

15. Click to view “DNA Structure and Function” Biologix: Translation and Protein Synthesis. United Learning(1997). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

16. How DNA is the Master Control TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION DNA RNA PROTEIN nucleotides nucleotides amino acids REPLICATION REpeats Remember you are translating from the language of nucleotides to the language of amino acids

17. Translation: Making Proteins These are the abbreviations for the amino acids A group of three nucleotides in messenger RNA codes for a certain amino acid to be placed in a protein. Each group of three nucleotides is called a CODON. http://www2.hawaii.edu/~johnb/micro/micr230/micr230_lectures/lecture9_files/image001.gif

18. Click on link to view “The Significance of Codes in the Process of Protein Synthesis” *You may need to hit the Escape key and maximize Windows Media Player. Biologix: Translation and Protein Synthesis. United Learning(1997). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

19. How Translation Occurs A- U G- G- C- U- A- G- C- A- A- U- -T -A -C -C -G -A -T -C -G -T -T -A The protein made from this messenger RNA would have these amino acids in sequence: met-ala-ser-asn met ala ser asn

20. Click the view “The Process of Protein Synthesis” Biologix: Translation and Protein Synthesis. United Learning(1997). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

21. Now you know---How DNA is the Master Control TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION DNA RNA PROTEIN nucleotides nucleotides amino acids REPLICATION REpeats Remember you are translating from the language of nucleotides to the language of amino acids

22. So how do you remember the difference? • Replication just makes a repeat copy of DNA • Transcriptionrips a new strand of RNA • Translation starts with a new slate- the slate of amino acids to make a protein

23. Environmental agents can cause mutation in DNA The environmental agent could be ionizing radiation or chemicals The agent could alter a nucleotide base, causing a different protein to be made The agent could cut the DNA backbone

24. Make medications for disease treatment less expensively, ex, insulin In artificial fertilization, DNA technology may allow us to pre-screen potential embryos for certain diseases, ensuring that the one chosen for implantation is free of certain genetic diseases Our DNA profile may help doctors determine how sensitive we are to medications before they prescribe them Gene therapy may eventually allow us to prevent or cure a disease DNA Technology- Use in Medicine

25. Gene Therapy http://library.thinkquest.org/28000/media/genetherapy/l_gene.therapy-ms.gif

26. What is the status of gene therapy? • The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not yet approved any human gene therapy product for sale. • Trials are ongoing, but some problems are • Keeping the DNA viable (able to function as it should) • Preventing the body’s immune response from destroying the DNA

27. Click on link to view “Understanding the Power of Genes” *You may need to hit the Escape key and maximize Windows Media Player. Understanding: The Power of Genes. Discovery Channel School(1999). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

28. DNA Technology in agriculture • GMO- genetically modified organisms • We call an organism with genes from another species a Transgenic organism • Transgenic plants and animals can be produced that have desirable characteristics, such as • Resistance to disease or pests • Greater nutrition • Improved shelf life • Ease of harvest • etc Glo-fish are a GMO http://www.glofish.com/images/glofish_005.jpg

29. Click link to view “It All Started with a Sheep Named Dolly” *You may need to hit the Escape key and maximize Windows Media Player. Understanding: The Power of Genes. Discovery Channel School(1999). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

30. Click on link to view “Transgenics-Splicing Genes Across Species” *You may need to hit the Escape key and maximize Windows Media Player. Understanding: The Power of Genes. Discovery Channel School(1999). Retrieved December 9, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

31. There is a lot of controversy about this topic! Some worry about the unknown dangers of releasing these organisms.

32. Copy the DNA at left on a piece of paper, then1) Replicate it, then 2) Transcribe the right hand strand into RNA, and 3) Translate that RNA into protein.Click the next arrow when you are finished to check your work. Review -A -C -G -A -T -T -C -C -G -C -T -A -G -T -A -C -G -G -A -T -A T- G- C- T- A- A- G- G- C- G- A- T- C- A- T- G- C- C- G- A- T-

33. T- G- C- T- A- A- G- G- C- G- A- T- C- A- T- G- C- C- G- A- T- -A -C -G -A -T -T -C -C -G -C -T -A -G -T -A -C -G -G -A -T -A -A -C -G -A -U -U -C -C -G -C -U -A -G -U -A -C -G -G -A -U -A Answer thr ile pro leu val arg ile RNA protein