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The Periodic Table

The Periodic Table. Chapter 12 Material on Midterm. Section 1: Arranging the Elements. Objectives Describe how Mendeleev arranged elements in the first periodic table Explain how elements are arranged in the modern periodic table

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The Periodic Table

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  1. The Periodic Table Chapter 12 Material on Midterm

  2. Section 1: Arranging the Elements • Objectives • Describe how Mendeleev arranged elements in the first periodic table • Explain how elements are arranged in the modern periodic table • Compare metals, nonmetals, and metalloids base on their properties and on their location in the periodic table • Describe the difference between a period and a group

  3. Section 1: Arranging the Elements • Placement Pattern • What is the best way to arrange things?

  4. Section 1: Arranging the Elements • Discovering a Pattern • Mendeleev discovered that the elements discovered had a pattern to them

  5. Section 1: Arranging the Elements • Mendeleev arranged atoms by increasing atomic mass • Saw that there was a periodic trend • Periodic describes something that occurs or repeats at regular intervals • Organized them in a table • FIRST PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS • Some holes in the table

  6. Section 1: Arranging the Elements • Predicting Properties of Missing Elements • Some gaps in the pattern • Was able to predict the properties • Eka-aluminum….after aluminum

  7. Section 1: Arranging the Elements • Changing the arrangement • Moseley realized it made more sense to use the atomic number instead of the atomic mass • The periodic law is the law that states that the repeating chemical and physical properties of elements change periodically with the atomic numbers of the elements

  8. Section 1: Arranging the Elements • The Periodic Table and Classes of Elements • We break elements into three major groups • Metals • Nonmetals • Metalloids

  9. Section 1: Arranging the Elements • Metals • Most elements • Left of the zigzag line on the periodic table • Most are solid at room temperature (Hg exception) • Properties • Shiny • Malleable • Ductile • Good conductors

  10. Section 1: Arranging the Elements • Nonmetals • Right of the zigzag line • Many are gases at room temperature • Not malleable • Not ductile • Not shiny • Poor conductors

  11. Section 1: Arranging the Elements • Metalloids • Aka semiconductors • Border zigzag line • Have some properties of metals • Some properties of nonmetals

  12. Section 1: Arranging the Elements • Decoding the Periodic Table

  13. Section 1: Arranging the Elements • Horizontal • A period is a horizontal row of elements on the periodic table • Properties repeat as you go along a period • Vertical • A group is a vertical column of elements in the periodic table • Elements in a group share chemical properties

  14. Section 1: Arranging the Elements • Section Review • Please answer the objectives on your objective summary sheet • Describe how Mendeleev arranged elements in the first periodic table • Explain how elements are arranged in the modern periodic table • Compare metals, nonmetals, and metalloids base on their properties and on their location in the periodic table • Describe the difference between a period and a group

  15. Section 2: Grouping the Elements • Objectives • Use the periodic table to gain information about various elements • Explain why elements in a group often have similar properties • Describe the properties of the elements in the groups of the periodic table

  16. Section 2: Grouping the Elements • We will discuss the following groups: • Group 1: Alkali Metals • Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals • Groups 3-12: Transition Metals • Group 13: Boron Group • Group 14: Carbon Group • Group 15: Nitrogen Group • Group 16: Oxygen Group • Group 17: Halogens • Group 18: Noble Gases • Hydrogen

  17. Section 2: Grouping the Elements • Group 1: Alkali Metals • The alkali metals are the elements of Group 1 of the periodic table (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium) • Group contains: metals • Electrons in outer level: 1 • Reactivity: Very reactive • Other shared properties: softness, color of silver, shininess, low density

  18. Section 2: Grouping the Elements • Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals • The alkaline earth metals are the elements of Group 2 of the period table (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium) • Group contains: metals • Electrons in outer level: 2 • Reactivity: very reactive, but less reactive than alkali metals • Other shared properties: color of silver, higher densities than alkali metals

  19. Section 2: Grouping the Elements • Groups 3-12: Transition Metals • No individual names • Varied in properties • Group contains: metals • Electrons in outer level: 1 or 2 • Reactivity: less reactive than the alkaline earth metals • Other shared properties: shininess, good conductors, higher densities and melting points than Groups 1 and 2 (except Hg)

  20. Section 2: Grouping the Elements • Lanthanides and Actinides • The two bottom rows • Row 1: starts with lanthanum--lanthanides • Shiny, reactive metals • Row 2: starts with actinium—actinides • Radioactive, unstable elements • Any after 94—not found naturally

  21. Section 2: Grouping the Elements • Group 13: Boron Group • The Boron Group contains elements from group 13 of the periodic table (boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium) • Group contains: one metalloid and four metals • Electrons in the outer level: 3 • Reactivity: reactive • Other shared properties: solids at room temperature

  22. Section 2: Grouping the Elements • Group 14: Carbon Group • The carbon group contains elements from group 14 of the periodic table (carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, flerovium) • Group contains: one nonmetal, two metalloids, and three metals • Electrons in the outer level: 4 • Reactivity: varies among the elements • Other shared properties: solids at room temperature

  23. Section 2: Grouping the Elements • Carbon: nature’s most important element • Found in carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acid (DNA) • Germanium and silicon are used as conductors in computer chips

  24. C Si GeSnPb

  25. Section 2: Grouping the Elements • Group 15: Nitrogen Group • The Nitrogen group contains elements from group 15 of the periodic table (nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, ununpentium) • Group contains: two nonmetals, two metalloids, and two metals • Electrons in the outer level: 5 • Reactivity: varies among the elements • Other shared properties: solids at room temperature (except for nitrogen)

  26. Section 2: Grouping the Elements • Group 16: Oxygen Group • The Oxygen group contains elements from group 16 of the periodic table (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium, livermorium {name pending}) • Group contains: three nonmetals, one metalloid, and two metals • Electrons in the outer level: 6 • Reactivity: reactive • Other shared properties: all but oxygen are solid at room temperature

  27. Section 2: Grouping the Elements • Group 17; Halogens • The halogens are elements of group 17 of the periodic table (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, ununseptium); halogens combine with most metals to form salts • Group contains: nonmetals • Electrons in the other level: 7 • Reactivity: very reactive • Other shared properties: poor conductors, violent reactions with alkali metals to form salts, never in uncombined form in nature

  28. Section 2: Grouping the Elements • Group 18: Noble Gases • The noble gases are elements of group 18 of the periodic table (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, and ununoctium); noble gases are unreactive • Group contains: nonmetals • Electrons in the outer level: 8 (except helium, which has 2) • Reactivity: unreactive • Other shared properties: colorless, odorless gases at room temperature

  29. Section 2: Grouping the Elements • Hydrogen • The properties of hydrogen do not match any other group (the loner element) • We stick him in group 1 based on outer electrons • Electrons in outer level: 1 • Reactivity: reactive • Other properties: colorless, odorless gas at room temperature; low density, explosive reactions with oxygen

  30. Section 2: Grouping the Elements • Section Review • Please answer the objectives on your objective summary sheet • Use the periodic table to gain information about various elements • Explain why elements in a group often have similar properties • Describe the properties of the elements in the groups of the periodic table

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