This lesson will increase your knowledge of concepts covered in the following TEKS for biology:

1. This lesson will increase your knowledge of concepts covered in the following TEKS for biology: 3.b – Evaluate promotional claims that relate to biological issues 3.c – Evaluate impact of research on scientific thought, society, and the environment 3.f – Research and describe the history of biology and contribution of scientists. 4.a – Identify the parts of a cell 4.b – Investigate and identify cellular processes 5.c – Sequence the level of organization in multicellular organisms to relate the parts to each other and to the whole 6.c – Identify and illustrate how changes in DNA cause mutations and evaluate the significance of these changes.

2. 10.a – Interpret the functions of systems in organisms 10.b – Compare the interrelationships of organ systems to each other and to the body as a whole 11.a – Identify and describe the relationships between internal feedback mechanisms in the maintenance of homeostasis 11.b – Investigate and identify how organisms respond to external stimuli 11.c – Analyze the importance of nutrition, environmental conditions, and physical exercise on health

3. Previous LessonCirculatory System and Heart Disease

4. Question: Why has the Atkins Diet, which consists of fatty food such as steak and hamburger with low amounts of carbohydrates, been so controversial? From U.S. News and World Report

5. Traditional View of Diet and Heart Disease High intake of saturated fat Increase in LDL:HDL ratio Increased deposition of cholesterol in arteries of the heart Blockage of arteries and death of heart muscle

6. Short-term studies of the Atkins diet have not found an increase in cholesterol or indications that the diet may promote heart disease From U.S. News and World Report

7. Question: Why would a person die from a blood clot in the brain?

8. Without blood flow to cells of brain, the cells cannot undergo cellular respiration Cellular Respiration(in mitochondria of cells)C6H12O6(energy) + O2 + ADP + PATP (energy) + CO2 + H2O

9. Question: Statins are drugs that block production of cholesterol by the liver. Why would taking statins improve health?

10. Diet and exercise………... Pravachol…………………. Mevacor…………………… Baycol……………………... Zocor………………………. Lipitor……………………… 10-20% 20-30% 20-30% 20-30% 40-50% 40-50% How much your cholesterol can dip: Statins are more effective in lowering cholesterol than diet or exercise

11. Lower cholesterol in the blood reduces the risk of building plaques that can block arteries

12. Question: How do women’s symptoms of heart disease and medical practices contribute to heart attacks being the #1 killer of women?

13. Heart Failure in Women • Many women may • not experience the • same classic • symptoms that men • experience (pain in • the chest and arm) • because spasms of • vessels (not blocked • arteries) may cause • the heart attack • Doctors may not • request diagnostic • tests for women as • for men Based on: Time Based on: Time, April 28, 2003

14. Today’s LessonSmoking, Emphysemaand Lung Cancer

15. Humans are biological machines, made out of about 2 million types of proteins and running on the energy of ATP converted from glucose and fats

16. Major Parts of the Machine Based on: Starr, C., Biology: Concepts and Applications, Brooks/Cole food, water intake oxygen intake elimination of carbon dioxide Digestive System Respiratory System nutrients, water, salts oxygen carbon dioxide Circulatory System Urinary System water solutes elimination of food residues rapid transport to and from all living cells elimination of excess water salts, wastes

17. Overview of Lesson • Why and how do humans breathe? • Smoking and emphysema • Smoking and lung cancer • Secondhand smoke • Does quitting help?

18. Why we breathe Based on: Campbell et al., Biology: Cencepts and Connections, Benjamin Cummings

19. Summary of ATP-ADP cycle Muscle contraction uses ATP A-P-P-P A-P-P P ATP is a high energy molecule ADP is a low energy molecule Cellular respiration in mitochondria converts ADP back to ATP

20. Cellular Respiration(you breathe to get O2 & get rid of CO2)C6H12O6(energy) + O2 + ADP + PATP (energy) + CO2 + H2O Oxygen is a hydrogen acceptor CO2 is a waste product

21. Respiratory Tract Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill

22. Gas Exchange in Lungs Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill

23. Inspiration & Expiration Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill

24. Circulatory System • Blood pumped out of right • side of heart and travels • in arteries to the lungs • Blood enters capillaries • surrounding alveoli of • lungs • Oxygen moves from • alveoli into blood and • bonds to hemoglobin of • red blood cells • Blood returns to left side • of heart via veins • Blood pumped out of left • side of heart into aorta • Blood travels in arteries • to capillaries serving cells Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, Wm. C. Brown Publishers

25. Capillary System Arterial End Venous End Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill

26. Overview of Lesson • Why and how do humans breathe? • Smoking and emphysema • Smoking and lung cancer • Secondhand smoke • Does quitting help?

27. Smoking destroys alveoli and reduces capability for gas exchange

28. 25-Year Smoker 5-Year Smoker Non- Smoker Alveolus in normal lung • Smoking increases enzymes that destroy walls of alveoli • Smoking causes 80% of all cases of emphysema

29. Without alveoli, person lacks enough oxygen for cellular respiration and production of ATP • Compounded by carbon monoxide in smoke competing with oxygen for sites on hemoglobin Cellular RespirationC6H12O6(energy) + O2 + ADP + PATP (energy) + CO2 + H2O

30. Overview of Lesson • Why and how do humans breathe? • Smoking and emphysema • Smoking and lung cancer • Secondhand smoke • Does quitting help?

31. Cilia lining the inside of air passages sweep mucus and particles up to pharynx so it can be coughed up Cilia

32. Cilia in lung of nonsmoker Absence of cilia in lung of smoker

33. Experiment Retention of iron particles in lungs of smokers and nonsmokers Based on: Science, May, 1979

34. Smoke particles, which contain 40 known carcinogens, are trapped in the lungs and damage DNA, leading to mutations and cancer • Cigarettes cause 80-90% of lung cancer deaths Nonsmoker Smoker

35. Lung Cancer • Small tumors cannot be detected by x-ray screening • Lung cancer is often detected after cancer cells have spread to other vital organs thru metastasis

36. Five-year cancer survival rates Lung Cancer Based on: Harvard Health Letter, April, 2000

37. Increase in lung cancer death rates in men and women versus other cancers Based on: Mayo Clinic Health Letter, June 1996

38. Lung Cancer Risk Factors • Environmental pollutants- radon • Age- incidence rises after 50 years • Family history- genetic component on Chromosome 6 • Cigarette smoke exposure- intensity and duration The Deadliest Cancer

39. Changes in U.S. cigarette consumption Based on Scientific American, May 1995

40. Government actions against smoking • In 1964, the U.S. Surgeon general declared smoking a health hazard • In 1971, Congress banned advertisements for cigarettes from TV and radio • In 1982, the Surgeon General announced that smoking was the major cause of cancer death in the U.S. • Recently, the federal government has sued cigarette companies

41. Overview of Lesson • Why and how do humans breathe? • Smoking and emphysema • Smoking and lung cancer • Secondhand smoke • Does quitting help?

42. Secondhand Smoke • A mixture of the smoke given off by the burning end of a cigarette and smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers • Nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke are considered passive smokers

43. Effects of Secondhand Smoke • Contains 40 carcinogens • Responsible for 3,000 lung cancer deaths of nonsmokers each year • Responsible for up to 60,000 heart disease deaths per year • Is a serious health risk to children • Increased respiratory tract infections • Buildup of fluid in the middle ear • Worsens asthmatic children

44. Ways to Reduce Dangers of Secondhand Smoke • Do not smoke indoors (home, school, office or restaurants) unless special separate ventilation system • Do not smoke in cars with nonsmokers present • Do not smoke around children • Test the home of smokers for radon

45. Overview of Lesson • Why and how do humans breathe? • Smoking and emphysema • Smoking and lung cancer • Second hand smoke • Does quitting help?

46. Withdrawal Symptoms • Headache • Nausea • Falling heart rate and blood pressure • Fatigue, drowsiness, or insomnia • Irritability • Difficulty concentrating • Anxiety • Increased hunger • Craving for sweets • Craving for tobacco

47. Stop-smoking aids • Nicotine patch, gum, inhaler, nasal spray, lozenge • Bupropion • Counseling

48. Heart Disease For smokers, the risk is 70% higher than nonsmokers For quitters, the risk is close to nonsmokers (after quitting 15 years) Stroke For smokers the risk is 2-3 fold greater than nonsmokers For quitters, the risk is close to nonsmokers (after quitting 15 years) Emphysema For smokers, the risk of death is 9 times that of nonsmokers For quitters, the risk of death is 2- to 8-fold compared to nonsmokers (after quitting 20 years) Lung Cancer For smokers, the risk is 7-20 times higher than that of nonsmokers For quitters, the risk drops to 4 times that of nonsmokers (after quitting 15 years) Risks and benefits of quitting smoking

49. High Risk and Early Detection • X-rays- not found to improve survival rates, tumors visible at 1-2 cm • Spiral CT scan- illuminate lesions as small as 2mm • Biopsy lesions that change or grow over time

50. Next LessonDiseases of the Endocrine System