Communication

1. Communication Thursday October 18th, 2007 Alex Hernandez Summer Johnson Sean Sullivan Brent Snead

2. Class Telephone Demonstration Lets play…

3. Explanation Of Demonstration • And connection to Communication and Conversational styles

4. Brent Snead • Conversational Styles and Conceptual Background Of Communication

5. Conversational Styles • Each individual has their own distinct style of communication. • There are seven different major conversational styles: • 1.) Dominant • 2.) Interruptive • 3.) Manipulative • 4.) Polite • 5.) Creative • 6.) Sarcastic • 7.) Passive

6. Conceptual Background Of Elements • There are SIX elements:

7. 1) Decision • - Deciding to speak and choosing what thoughts the individual would like to put forth in conversation.

8. 2) Encoding • - The process in which the speaker attempts to translate his or her thoughts and perceptions into words.

9. 3)Sending • - The articulation of the words the individual would like to convey

10. 4)Channel • - The message sent travels to the receiver via a channel, (i.e. sound waves, sign language, or video recording, and so forth).

11. 5)Decoding • - A process in which the listener attempts to understand and interpret what the speaker has encoded in his or her message.

12. 6)Internal Response • - The receiver contemplates the message and has an internal response, (i.e. angry, upset, relieved, and uninterested).

13. ‘Noise’ • - Factors that negatively influence the effectiveness of the communication and the interpretation of the conversation. • - There are four common sources of ‘noise’

14. 1)Personality • - The senders past experience provides a frame of reference for sending the message such as beliefs, attitudes, and personality. • -These factors may vary from person to person and can distort the message

15. 2)Lack Of Skills • - The sender lacks sufficient skills in encoding. (Can not put their thoughts into words).

16. 3)External Factors • - The communication can have noise, such as other people making a lot of noise, a bad telephone connection, as well as speech impediments (stuttering), or distracting mannerisms.

17. Receivers Past Experiences • - The receiver’s past experiences form a frame of reference for receiving and interpreting the message which can affect the decoding process.

18. Sean Sullivan Non Verbal Communication

19. Non-Verbal Communication • All aspects of communication other than words themselves. It includes how we utter words, features of environments that affect interactions and that influence personal images & interaction patterns.

20. Three Types Of Non Verbal Communication • 1. Kinesics • 2.Proxemics • 3.Paralanguage

21. Kinesics • · Body language- Shows peoples feelings without communicating them verbally.

22. · Physical Appearance- in each culture stereotypes develop that are based on physical appearance.

23. · Posture- Slumped posture is a sign of feeling low, fatigued and inferior whereas and upright posture reflects confidence, openness and energy. Also the way people walk communicates how they feel. When people are sad they shuffle along slowly with their hands in their pockets where as if your happy you walk energized.

24. · Gestures- many people communicate with gestures and various body movements. This allows for a person to show different feelings such as anger, sadness, sincerity and etc.

25. · Touching- is a common form of body language. Used to express affection, to calm, or to interrupt. Hand shakes, hugs, kissing, pats on back.

26. · Facial expressions- our face is our most expressive body part. Eye contact shows interest and shows that you are listening. Loping looks into another persons eyes conveys either romantic notions or conflict and anger.

27. Proxemics • Is the study of how we communicate by the way we use space- The distance between you and others, how you arrange furniture, and other objects for social interaction, and how you respond to the invasion of territory.

28. A Little Too Close?

29. Not Close Enough

30. Paralanguage • * refers to all vocal components of speech. Reflects what a person is feeling • * Pitch-the highness or lowness of the sound of your voice • * Resonance- the richness or thinness of your voice. • * Articulation- the way you enunciate. • * Tempo- the speed at which words are spoken • * Volume- the loudness or softness with which you speak. • * Rhythm- the emphasis placed on different words and the cadence of the speech.

31. Got To Go

32. Importance of Nonverbal Communication • * Non Verbal communication is essential to fully understand a message when two or more people are communicating. • * Albert Mehrabian (1968) analyzed typical communication between two people and concluded that the total impact of the message was divided in this way: • Verbal (words) 7% • Paralanguage 38% • Body Language 55%

33. Summer • Listening, Attending, and Responding Skills

34. Listening Skills Test

35. Listening… There is more to it then hearing

36. Key Elements involved in effective: Listening Attending Responding

37. Key Elements involved in effective • 1. Assume the role of the listener Listening, Attending & Responding

38. Key Elements involved in effective • 2. Maintaining eye contact Eye Contact No Eye Contact Listening, Attending & Responding

39. Key Elements involved in effective • 3. Avoid word prejudice Listening, Attending & Responding

40. Key Elements involved in effective • 4. Use “minimal encouragers” • (ex: “oh?” and “uh-huh?”) Listening, Attending & Responding

41. Key Elements involved in effective • 5. Paraphrase what was said to ensure understanding • An elaboration of minimal encourager • Key phrase plus personal observation Listening, Attending & Responding

42. Key Elements involved in effective • 6. Ask questions to improve clarity of statement Listening, Attending & Responding

43. Key Elements involved in effective • 7. Use empathy to reflect and share feelings Listening, Attending & Responding

44. Key Elements involved in effective • 8. Provide feedback Listening, Attending & Responding

45. Key Elements involved in effective • 9. Summarize the content of what was said Listening, Attending & Responding

46. Research Journal Article: Title: Measurement of communication skills. Journal: International Journal of Listening Author: Nichols, Ralph Brown, James I. Keller, Robert J. Purpose: Discover if listening skills can be taught

47. Research Journal Article: • Title: Measurement of communication skills. • Basic methods used: • Directly trained 2 sections of College students for 6 weeks(This group had the lowest pre-test scores) • Incidentally trained 2 sections of College students • (This group had the highest pre-test scores) • Results: • Directly trained group made significant gains in scores • during the period of training • Incidentally trained group did not • Major findings: • No significant differences were noted between • the groups on the post-test results

48. Research Journal Article: • Title: Measurement of communication skills • Discussion of results: • The findings indicated that listening skills could be improved by training • What does that mean for us…

49. …We can improve our listening skills ! • lead to better communication skills • ~better listeners to friends / family • ~better employees • ~better students • ~better in many areas of our life • Help us reach our Peak Performance all around “The key to being an outstanding communicator is not so much the words of wisdom that come out of your mouth, but how well you listen to the words of wisdom that come out of the mouths of others.” -Della Menechella

50. Alex Steps To Enhance Communication Skills And Conflict Resolution