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Principles of Instructional Design

Principles of Instructional Design. Instructional Design is. the systematic process of translating principles of learning and instruction into specifications for instructional materials and activities.

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Principles of Instructional Design

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  1. Principles of Instructional Design

  2. Instructional Design is... • the systematic process of translating principles of learning and instruction into specifications for instructional materials and activities. • aims for a learner-centered rather than the traditional teacher-centered approach to instruction, so that effective learning can take place.

  3. Components • This means that every component of the instruction is governed by the learning outcomes, which have been determined after a thorough analysis of the learners’ needs.

  4. Questions to ask yourself - 1W and 4Hs • WHAT exactly to instruct • HOW to organize instruction • HOW to develop high-quality instructional materials • HOW to assess what students have learned • HOW to evaluate how well the lessons worked.

  5. Theories Affecting Instruction • Systems Theory • Communications Theory • Learning Theory • Instructional Theory

  6. What is a Theory? • A theory is an organized set of statements that allow us to explain, predict, or control events.

  7. General Systems Theory • A set of interrelated parts all working together to achieve a common goal.

  8. Communications Theory Field of Experience Field of Experience Signal Decoder Receiver Sender Encoder Noise Feedback

  9. Learning Theory • Theories that attempt to describe, explain, and predict learning.

  10. What is learning? • “LEARNING is a change in human disposition or capability that persists over a period of time and is not simply ascribable to processes of growth (Gagné’, 1985, p. 2)”

  11. Behavioral Cognitive Constructivist Theoretical Base

  12. Behavioral Learning Theory • According to Behaviorists, learning has occurred when learners evidence the appropriate response to the particular stimulus.

  13. Cognitive Learning Theory • Cognitive learning theories attempt to explain learning in terms of cognitive processes and structures that are hypothesized to operate within the learner.

  14. Constructivist Learning • Meaning is not resident in the medium containing the message, but in the learner. The learner, then interacts with the message and constructs a personal and unique interpretation of the message.

  15. Information Processing Model Response Generators E N V I R O N M E N T Effectors Short-Term Memory Sensory Registers Receptors Long-Term Memory Prior Knowledge World Knowledge Executive Control Expectancies

  16. Instructional Theories • Many instructional theories attempt to prescribe the characteristics of instruction that will support instruction.

  17. Examples of Instructional Theories • Gagné’s Conditions of Learning • Keller’s ARCS Model of Motivation

  18. Events of Instruction • Introduction • Gaining Attention • Establishing a Purpose • Arouse Interest and Motivation • Preview

  19. Events of Instruction • Body • Recall relevant prior knowledge • Process information and examples • Focus attention • Employ learning strategies

  20. Events of Instruction • Conclusion • Summarize and review • Transfer learning • Remotivate and reclose

  21. ARCS Model • Attention • Relevance • Confidence • Satisfaction

  22. ADDIE Model Analyze Design Develop Implement Evaluate Revision Loop

  23. Elements of the Dick & Carey Model Write Performance Objectives Identify Entry Behaviors, Characteristics Identify Instructional Goal Develop and Select Instructional Materials Develop Instructional Strategy Develop Criterion Referenced Test Items Revise Instruction Design and Conduct Summative Evaluation Conduct Instructional Analysis Design and Conduct Formative Evaluation

  24. Smith and Ragan Model Analysis Strategy Evaluation

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