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Modernization and Turmoil in Iran, Egypt, and Turkey

Explore the paths of modernization taken by Iran, Egypt, and Turkey, alongside the regional and global issues that have shaped their histories. From the theocracy in Iran to the leadership changes in Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire in Turkey, witness the impact of ideology and geopolitics. Learn about events like the Iran-Iraq War and the Persian Gulf War that have left lasting effects on the Middle East. Delve into the nations' cultural, religious, and economic developments as they navigate the complexities of modernization and regional politics.

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Modernization and Turmoil in Iran, Egypt, and Turkey

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  1. Chapter 27, Section 3 and Chapter 28, Section 1. Three Nations on the Road to Modernization And Regional and Global Issues.

  2. In Iran, only a small % are Arabs. Most speak Persian. Most are Muslim, but Shiites are in the majority.

  3. The shahs broke up large estates and redistributed them to peasants. They improved health care, roads, education, and encouraged industry. They gave women right to vote. Modernization in Iran

  4. The gap between the westernized citizens in Iran and the rest sparked support for a new leader. In 1979, Iran overthrew the shah, making the nation a theocracy. Ayatollah Khomenei

  5. Promoted Arab socialism in the 1950’s. He nationalized industries and the Suez Canal. He redistributed land to poor farmers. He used foreign loans to finish the Aswan High Dam. Gamal Abdel Nasser

  6. Encouraged an economic “open door” policy for foreign investment. He made peace with Israel. In 1981, he was killed by Islamic extremists. Anwar Sadat

  7. Turks are Sunni Muslims, but not Arabs. Turks have their own language, culture, and history. Their Ottoman Empire dominated the Middle East and parts of Europe for hundreds of years.

  8. The US and the Soviet Union understood the strategic importance of the Middle East- its oil and waterways. During the Cold War, Turkey joined NATO, endearing it to the West. Some nations aligned with the Soviet Union (Iraq, Syria).

  9. In 1960, Venezuela, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia formed OPEC. They set quantities and price of oil available to market. They formed to end the influence of Western oil companies.

  10. The Middle East has a scarcity of water. They have imported it, but desalination is the most effective means of getting the resource. Water

  11. Iran-Iraq War In 1980, after border clashes, Iraq launched an offensive on Iran. After 8 years, over a million had died, and cities, ports and oil fields were destroyed.

  12. Persian Gulf War Massive debt and unrest stimulated Saddam Hussein to invade oil-rich Kuwait in 1990. When he threatened Saudi Arabia, the UN launched a trade embargo, and then an international coalition (headed by the US) invaded.

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