Presentation Transcript

1. England&FranceDuring La Belle Epoque
2. Essential Question: How “democratic” did Britain & France become by the beginningof the 20c?
3. TheThirdFrenchRepublic: The Paris Commune
4. Third French Republic Declared! February, 1871 after France’s defeat, Napoleon III forced to abdicated. French government established itself at Versailles, NOT in Paris. Parisians angered They opposed the policies of this new government. It attempted to restore order in Paris. Paris Commune [Communards] created.
5. Civil War! Troops from Versailles Communards The Commune was suppressed by government troops during the last week of May, 1871. Known as the “Bloody Week.”
6. The Communards
7. Paris City Hall Destroyed
8. Attempted Communard Reforms Too little time to accomplish much! Allowed trade unions & workers to take over factories not in use and start them up again. Provide basic elementary education for all  they were strongly against church-controlled schools. Attempted to set up girls schools. Day nurseries near factories for working mothers.
9. First Communist Revolution? It served as an inspiration to later revolutionaries like Vladimir Lenin. 25,000 killed. 35,000 were arrested.
10. Communard Casualties
11. The Dreyfus Affair In 1894 a list of French military documents were found in the garbage of the German Embassy in Paris. French counter-intelligence suspected Captain Alfred Dreyfus, one of the few Jewish commanders. Dreyfus was tried, convicted of treason, and sent to Devil’s Island in French Guiana. The real culprit whose handwriting was the same as on the papers The government tried him and found him not guilty in 2 days.
12. 3. The Dreyfus Affair A famous author, Emile Zola, published an open letter called J’Accuse! He accused the army of a mistrial and cover-up. The government prosecuted him for libel. Found him guilty  sentenced to a year in prison.
13. J’Accuse!
14. 3. The Dreyfus Affair Anti-Dreyfusards Dreyfusards Public opinion was divided  it reflected the divisions in Fr. society. The Dreyfusards were anti-clericals, intellectuals, & socialists. For Anti-Dreyfusards, the honor of the army was more important than Dreyfus’ guilt or innocence. Were army supporters, monarchists, & Catholics.
15. Dreyfus, the Traitor!
16. 3. The Dreyfus Affair Dreyfus finally got a new trial in 1899. He was brought back from Devil’s Island white-haired and broken. Results: Found guilty again, BUT with extenuating circumstances. Was given a presidential pardon. Exonerated completely in 1906. Served honorably in World War I. Died in 1935.
17. Victorian England
18. Britain: 1850-1870s The most prosperous period in British history. Unprecedented economic growth. Heyday of free trade and virtual monopoly. Br. engineers building RRs all over the world. Br.’s foreign holdings nearly doubled. BUT, Britain’s prosperity didn’t do away with political discontent!
19. The “Victorian Compromise” Tories and Whigs considered the 1832 Reform Bill as the FINAL political reform. By the 1860s, middle and working classes had grown  they wanted the franchise expanded! This era saw the realignment of political parties in the House of Commons: Tory Party  Conservative Party under Benjamin Disraeli. Whig Party  Liberal Party under William Gladstone.
20. The Two “Great Men” Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative Prime Minister 1868 1874-1880 William Gladstone, Liberal Prime Minister 1868-1874 1880-1885 1886 1892-1894
21. Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) A dandy, debater and a romance novelist. Baptized Anglican BUT, he was of Jewish parentage. A strong imperialist. “Greater England” foreign policy. Respected by Queen Victoria.
22. William Gladstone (1809-1898) Legislator and reformer. Known for his preachy, populist speeches. Queen Victoria hated him. Tried to deal with the “Irish Question.” Supported a “Little England” foreign policy.
23. The 2nd Reform Bill - 1867 Disraeli’s Goals: Give the Conservative Party control over the reform process. Labor would be grateful and vote Conservative. Components of the Bill: Extended the franchise by 88%. Vote given to male householders and renters paying at least £10 for a room. Eliminated rotten boroughs with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants. Extra representation in Parliament to cities like Liverpool & Manchester.
24. The 2nd Reform Bill - 1867
25. Gladstone’s ‘Great Ministry’ Goals: [“Gladstonianism”] Decrease public spending. Education Bill 1870 Competative exams for civil service Legalize unions and their right to strike (1871) Created secret ballots(1872) Promote peace abroad to help reduce spending and taxation, and to help enhance trade. Low tariffs. All political questions are moral questions!
26. Gladstone’s Great Ministry Accomplishments: 1868: Army reform  peacetime flogging was illegal. 1869: Disestablishment Act  Irish Catholics did not have to pay taxes to support the Anglican Church in Ireland. 1870: Irish Land Act  curtailed absentee Protestant landowners from evicting their Irish Catholic tenants without compensation. 1871: University Test Act  non-Anglicans could attend Br. universities. 1872: The settlement of the CSS Alabama claims [from the U.S Civil War] in U.S.’s favor. 1873: Legislation was passed that restructured the High Courts.
27. Disraeli’s Tory Democracy Accomplishments: Domestic Policy 1875: Artisans Dwelling Act  govt. would define minimum housing standards. 1875: Public Health Act  govt. to create a modern sewer system in the big cities & establish a sanitary code. ********************* 1875: Pure Food & Drug Act. 1875: Climbing Boys Act  licenses only given to adult chimney sweeps. 1875: Conspiracy & Protection of Property Act  allowed peaceful picketing. 1878: Employers & Workmen Act  allowed workers to sue employers in civil courts if they broke legal contracts.
28. Gladstone’s 2nd3rd and 4th Ministries Domestic Policy Accomplishments: 1884 Reform Bill Extended the franchise to agricultural laborers. Added 6,000,000 to the franchise 1885: Redistribution of Seats Act 1886: Introduced Irish Home Rule Bill. This issue split the Liberal Party. QUESTION FAILED! 1893: Reintroduced a Home Rule Bill. Provided for an Irish Parliament. Did NOT offer Ireland independence! Catholics YES, Irish protestants NO 1914- Ireland stood at brink of war!
29. Home Rule for Ireland?? Gladstone debates Home Rule in Commons.