1 / 32

Nomadic Frontiers

Nomadic Frontiers. Byzantium, Islam, and China 1000-1200 AD. Islamic Internal Conflicts. Shiite Fatmid Caliphate in Cairo 1021 Druze al-Hakim disappears Will spawn radical Islamic splinter group Sunni Caliphate in Baghdad Hashish Assassins Guild hired by both sides.

thina
Download Presentation

Nomadic Frontiers

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Nomadic Frontiers Byzantium, Islam, and China 1000-1200 AD

  2. Islamic Internal Conflicts • Shiite Fatmid Caliphate in Cairo • 1021 Druze al-Hakim disappears • Will spawn radical Islamic splinter group • Sunni Caliphate in Baghdad • Hashish Assassins Guild hired by both sides

  3. The Coming of the Steppepeople • Turks enter Middle East from Central Asia • Moving because of domino effect (climate change) • Seljuk Turks take Baghdad in 1055 • “Army of God” • Converted to Islam • conquered in name of Sunni Islam • India • Anatolia • Levant

  4. Threat of the Crusaders • Western world saw Crusades as an extension of Christian power • Islamic world saw as minor nuisance • Crusaders began as pilgrims • political unrest in Middle East led to armed guards/escorts for pilgrims • adopt Muslim notion of “holy war” • penance • justify warrior culture

  5. Call to Crusade • 1090 Pope Urban II put together military expedition to take the “Holy Land” • Part of his plan for Christian unity • captured Jerusalem 1099 • carved out Christian kingdoms in Middle East and increased wealth of church • Muslim powers too caught up in internal struggles to pay much attention

  6. Turkish Stabilization of M.E. • c. 1150 Zengi, a Turkish chieftain comes to power in Sunni part of Islamic Empire • Saladin, a Kurdish general, is his second in command, succeeds Zengi • 1197 Saladin unites Middle East under his banner • conquered Fatmid caliphate • end of independent Shiite state • Shiites would be a minority in Sunni dominated empires until the second half of the 20th century • Defeated the Crusader Kingdoms • end of intermarriage and alliance between Christians and Muslims • Led to anti-Jewish campaigns by Christians in Europe • Blamed Jews for loss of Crusader states

  7. Saharan Islam • Political unrest in Muslim Sahara led to Christians retaking Spain/N. Africa c. 1100 • Muslims rulers recruited nomadic tribes to save kingdom • Almoravids • radical Islam • Re-conquer Spain and N. Africa • move south in W. Africa • Ghana • Gao

  8. Healing Islamic Conflicts • New philosophy of Sufism surfaces • pop with peasants, not upper class • Mystical rather than legalist Islam • al-Ghazali unified Sufism w/ mainstream Islam • Sufi mystics became most tolerant of Islamic peoples

  9. Byzantium • Archaic, inflexible government • church controlled by state • Byzantine Emperor de facto head of Byzantine Orthodox Church • Governmental systems dating back to Constantine • Shrinking as Islam grows • turn to missions and diplomats • converted Russia (Vladimir of Kiev) • monopolized literacy • Built commonwealth of Orthodox buffer states • Used ceremony and ornamentation to awe ‘barbarians’ • Mechanical fire-breathing lions • Fragile stability

  10. Emperor Basil II 976 AD • deal with conflict between large landowners and throne • destroyed many landowners and gave land to peasants • made peace with Arabs • set realistic geographic boundaries • Danube to the Euphrates • est. large standing army to enforce internal control • Levied large tax on aristocracy • filled treasury

  11. Basil’s Heirs • Basil dies without an established heir • Power given to nieces • Zoe • Theodora • Powerful women led to a rise in esteem for family • Fertility admired as much as virginity • Elite rebelled against “unnatural” female leadership

  12. Empress Zoe

  13. Conflicts in Christianity • Eastern (Orthodox) vs. Western (Catholic) Church • Latin vs. Greek • common language = common culture • Disagreements over DOGMA • Absolute authority • Pope vs. Patriarchs • Possibility of unity vs. common enemies • Islam • Failure to unite leads to Byz. losing most of Anatolia to Turks • Normans (descendents of the Vikings) • Normans convert to Latin (Catholic) Christianity

  14. Byzantium and the Crusades • 1097 Latin crusaders arrive to “help” Byzantium against the Turks • divided by religious squabble • Crusaders more interested in grabbing power than helping Byzantines • Anna Comena • crusaders did not return any Byzantine lands

  15. Anna Comnena

  16. Conflict w/ Venice • Byzantine agriculture fails in 1100s • focus entirely on trade to feed populace • partners w/ Venice • Italian Pirates • Coveted Byzantine trade • In 1204 the 4th Crusade needed Venetian fleet to move them to the Holy Land • Crusaders conquered Constantinople and gave Venice trade rights in exchange for passage to the Holy Land • Byzantine power never recovered • Lasting legacy of Byzantium mostly in preservation of Greek and Roman learning

  17. China and the New Barbarians • End of the Tang • series of disasters 800-1000 AD • Emperor dies with out heir 859 AD • Uighars (10000) driven out of central Asia into Chinese lands • Bandit gangs grew into armies • renegade students • displaced monks • Armies fight over control of state • political disunity • Loss of Mandate of Heaven

  18. Rise of the Song Dynasty • 960 AD rebel general proclaimed self-emperor • Dynasty lasts til 1279 AD • constant conflict with “barbarians” • Liao Kingdom • central Mongolia • led by warrior empresses • Chunjin 926-947 AD • Xiao 982-1009 AD • pushed S to Yellow River • achieved equality with Song 1004

  19. New Barbarians cont. • Xia Kingdom • between Tibet and Gobi • 1044 treaty of equality with Song • 1115 AD Jurchen moved out of N. Manchria • Hunter people forced south during global warming • conquered Liao • most of N. China • achieved parity with Chinese

  20. Song Expansion • forced S. centered on Yangtze • expanded SW and dominated indigenous people • internal expansion • new rice from Vietnam • draining wetlands • 2 crop system • double food supply • deforestation

  21. Song Economy • money economy • Replaced earlier non-universal monetary and barter systems • minting coins • developed by putting less and less precious metal in coins • paper money • huge urban growth

  22. Women in Song China • Urban growth led to changing view of women • In pastoral settings, women had to work • Seen as commodities in urban setting • foot binding to keep from escaping or being able to do independent work

More Related